Learning ObjectivesThe Psychoanalytic Approach:Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryThe unconscious mind holds the key to behaviorFreud’s Personality TheoryThe IDContains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energyStrives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drivesOperates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.The EgoDevelops out of the demands and constraints of the environmentcope with frustration/delay gratificationReality PrincipleSatisfy demands without social disapprovalThe SuperegoIdealistic PrincipleEthical standards and rules for behavior.*look at hdfs notes on this topic ^The Psychoanalytic ApproachDefense Mechanisms:Egos protetive method to deal with unacceptable impusles and anxietyDenial: protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive itDisplacement: redirection of an impuslse away from the person who prompts it towards a safe substituteReaction formation: transforms an unacceptable impulse or thought into its oppositeProjective TestsProjection: projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto othersProjective Tests: ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind.Rorschach inkblot test: 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuliThematic Apperception Test (TAT) : 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations.Freud’s Theory of Personality Development5 main Psychosexual stageseach emphasizes an erogenous zonemust resolve conflict between zones and societyThe Psychoanalytic ApproachOral Stage: first year of lifeThe erogenous zone is the mouthThe primary conflict are weaning and teethingAnal stage: 1-3 yearsInvolves development of the egoPrimary conflict is toilet trainingPhallic Stage: 3-6 yearsInvolves development of the superego as a result of the Oedipus complexOedipus complex: a boys sexual desires towards his mother & feelings of jealousy & hatred for the rival fatherCastration anxietyElectra Complex: female version of the Oedipus complexPenis envyLatent Stage: 6-pubertySexual feelings repressed, same sex play, social skills developed.Genital Stage: at pubertySexual feelings resurface and are consciously expressed appropriately.The Trait Theory Approach 4/11/13Trait: a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behavingGordon Allport: developed a method to organize traits according to their influenceCardinal traitsCentral traitsSecondary traitsRaymond Cattell: using factor analysis, outlined a distinct set of “source” traits which form the core of everyone’s personality.Someone who is shy would be described as soft spoken, timidCreativity: if you are creative you are curious inventiveTrait Theories of PersonalityThe Five Factor Model (Costa & McCrea)Openness (creativity)Conscientiousness (organization)Extraversion (sociability)High scores mean you are very talkative and being in groupsLow scores here mean you are very shy/timidAgreeableness (likeability)High levels mean you are warm, honest courteousLow scores mean ruthful, cut throat, revengeNeuroticism (stability)^NEED TO KNOW FOR FINAL ------ OCEAN from hdfsChild DevelopmentWhat is development?Pattern of change in human capacities across the lifespanNature vs Nurture: is genetics or environment more important for development?Probalaistic Epi Continuous versus Discontinuous: is development marked by gradual or distinct changes?Stability versus change: do we remain the same or change during developmentRelax: Unlearned, automatic response to a particular stimulusRooting reflex: touching the cheekSucking reflex: object placed in mouthMoro reflex: startled by noise, loss of supportPalmer grasp reflex: touching of the palmBabinski reflex: stroking sole of the footStimulus: stroking bottom of infant food and toes will move out. Something people thing is like step pushing toes out also related to motor track development.Tonic neck reflex: turned to head to the sidePhysical Development:Saltatory Growth: growth in spurts rather than continuous in natureMotor Development:Cephalacaidal trend: top to bottomProximodistal trend: center outwardCognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget’s (1896-1980) Cognitive ApproachSchema: a concept or framework that organized and interprets infoAdaption: AssimilationInterpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemasAdaptation Accommodation:Changing ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new infoDriven towards equilibrium: motivation to learn is driven by discrepancies.Creating an equilibrium is making sense of the world.Piaget’s State theoryFormal Operations (11 + years)Abstract problem solving abilities occurring during adolescenceMetacognitionSide effects of these new abilities include:The imaginary audience phenomenonThe personal fableOptimism biasPsseudp-stupidityAttachmentEmotional tie to another personBody contact and early theoriesDrive reduction modelCaregiver proves reduction of the drive of hungerCaregiver contact comfort?Harlows experimentsOperant conditioning modelPositive interactions leads to reinforcing of behaviorsYet, this does not explain abusive relationships and attachmentBowlby’s Theory of AttachmentPre attachment phase (birth to 6 weeks)Attachment-in-the-making phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months)Clear-Cut Attachment (6 to 8 months to about 18 months)Mary Ainsworth’s Strange situation testA procedure used to study attachment, in which is placed in a novel environment and is observed reacting to it in the presence and then absence of caregiver.Securely attached: 2 out of 3 childrenKeep looking for mom at first and very distressed and then stops. When reunited the very happy to see her.Insecurely attached: avoidant and resistantAvoidant: no secure base when first going in the room. When the mom leaves they don’t seem to care and same when mom comes back.Resistant: baby holds onto mom for dear life. Get very worked up when mom leaves, but when mom comes back they hug the mom and then push back like “never leave again, why did you do that”Parenting StylesHow relationships differ among familiesDianna Baumrind Parenting StylesBased on 2 dimensions1. Responsiveness – warmth and affection2. Demandingness – how strict or structured is the environmentget pic from slide about parenting stylesBaumrind Parenting Styles1. Permissive (indulgent) : rarely use punishment but provide high level of comfort.Love withdrawalMay lead to:Children display poor impulse controlOverly demanding and dependent on adults2. Uninvolved Parenting StylesProvide no rules
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