History of Psychology 1 What is psychology 2 Influences from Philosophy Debate of Head versus Heart 1 Influences from Physiology Debate of Localization versus Holism Debate of War of Soups and Sparks 1 Birth of Psychology as a Science First Psychology Laboratory Early Paradigms 1 Psychology Now Contemporary Perspectives 1 What is psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes 2 Influences from Philosophy Practices of early Egyptians suggest that the heart was seen as more important than the brain The process of translocation dates back over 10 000 years Plato 427 347 BC Tripartite theory of reasoning Head is for rational thinking heart houses anger pride and higher emotions while the gut houses jealousy greed and lust The head is closest to heaven Aristotle 384 322 BC Followed the cardiac hypothesis of reasoning He said you can feel the movement of the heart and the heart has the highest temperature He said the brain cools hot blood and only resulted from evolution Hippocrates 460 377 BC Followed a medical model to explain mental illness known as the humoral theory An imbalance of the fluids of the body resulted in illness not bad luck from the goals He was convinced that the brain was the major controlling center Claude Galen 130 200 AD Surgeon of the gladiators He noticed that squeezing the brain interrupted mental processing Also stated that the brain was the central organ of cognition Ventricular theory stated that the ventricles had the main brain power His ideas were the gospel of the medical field for a thousand years 3 Influences from Physiology Rene Descartes 1596 1650 Followed a dualism approach to scientific study The soul cannot be studied but the body can The body is an automaton with tiny tubes or balloons running into muscles Interaction from nonphysical to physical in the pineal gland There is only one pineal gland in the center of the brain Joseph Gall 1758 1828 Phrenology skull features represent underlaying brain development He was a skilled at dissection Mapped out the skull to represent 27 different faculties of thought He believed that if you used a certain part of the brain a lot it would grow and create a bulges on the head Originally phrenology was called organology since he believed in a sense that the brain was made of many organs Good theory very poor methodology Marie Jean Pierre Flourens 1794 1867 was hired by the French government to prove Gall wrong He conducted experiments on pigeons to support holism He found that only the pigeons who had a majority of their brain removed didn t have pigeon behavior Also when he took the same amount from different areas it did not disrupt behavior Only when so much brain had been removed was there problems with functions Good methodology but bad theory Fritsch and Hitzing 1870 experimentation with the motor cortex of dogs The would open the skulls of dogs and apply electric current to different areas of the brain They proved high level localization Paul Broca 1865 published a case of patient Tan who had great language difficulties and suffered left hemisphere damage Nous parlons avee l hemisphere gauche We speak with the left hemisphere He found a specific area which stopped language So is communication by fluids or is it electrical in nature Recall Descartes balloonist approach and Hippocrates Humoral theory Experiments by Francis Glisson and Giovanni Borelli circa 1680 He did an experiment while someone s arm was in a barrel of water when someone made a fist the water level went down even though Descrates thought it would go go down from the build up of fluid in the fist Mike the headless chicken lived 18 months in the 1940s without a head The chicken could still move without a head releasing chemicals Luigi Galvani 1786 discovered bioelectricity accidentally using frog legs hung on a brass hooks of an iron railing He believed muscles contained animal electricity Otto Loewi 1873 1961 conducted experiments with frogs hearts to demonstrate a chemical interaction between nerves He discovered the first neurotransmitter 1 Birth of Psychology as a Science Father of psychology Wilhelm Wandt had first psychology lab in Germany in 1879 The mind consists of basic elements analyzed via objective introspective Edward Titchner one of Wandt s students created then introspect about physical objects and thoughts Tell me what comes to mind when you see this object William Jones 1842 1910 first American psychologist He brought up how the mind works stream of thought vs elements of the mind Focus on adaption living working playing what is its purpose or function in the real world Have you ever had a Freudian slip What is psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud neurologist in the late 19th century Vienna Psychoanalysis insight therapy for fear and anxiety He looked at the unconscious level and studied a lot of early childhood What is behaviorism If we can t observe it for record then it s not worth recording Major focus on rewards and punishments in shaping our behavior 1 Psychology Now Contemporary Sociocultural relationship between social behavior and culture Humanistic people have the freedom to choose their own destiny Biopsychological attribute human and animal behavior to biological events Cognitive includes study of memory intelligence perception problem solving and learning Evolutionary through the process of natural selection how certain processes have developed to aid in survival Even in 21st century there isn t one single prospective that is used to explain all human behavior and mental processes Psychological Research Methods 1 The Scientific Method Population and Samples Theories versus Hypotheses Lab versus Field Research 1 Methods of Describing Case Studies and Surveys Correlations 1 Experimental Designs Design Biases and Effects 1 Ethics in Human Research 1 The Scientific Method Theory an organized set of principles that describes predicts and explains some phenomenon Hypothesis a specific testable prediction often derived from a theory Example Hans Eysenck s Theory of Personality which states that there are three main dimensions to personality the extroversion introversion trait varies on optimal arousal level for performance specific hypotheses introverts will be more sensitive to lemon juice in water than extrovert Population random representative sample 1 Methods of Describing Naturalistic Observation participant observation Rosanhan 1973 advantages and disadvantages This is typically a
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