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Psych 100.1H Focus QuestionsChapter 2 (pg. 27-37) & Appendix (A1-A8) – Class 38/30/20131. Define the terms fact, theory, and hypothesis. How are they related to one another and to the story of Clever Hans?a. Fact—observation, objective statement.b. Theory—idea, a conceptual model, designed to explain existing facts. c. Hypothesis—prediction about new facts. 2. Judy designed an experiment to examine the effect of different beverages on participants’alertness (measured using self-reported ratings from a questionnaire). The first group wasrandomly assigned to drink soda, the second to drink coffee, the third to drink water, and the fourth group was given no beverage. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment. Is this a within-subjects or between-groups design? What other variables would need to be held constant for Judy’s results to be valid?a. IV: Drinksb. DV: alertnessc. Between groupsd. Time of day, amount of drink consumed, test performed3. Identify how a correlational study differs from an experiment, what role random assignment plays in this distinction, and what the limitations are of a correlational study.a. Correlational studies—not manipulate any variable, observes or measures two or more already existing relationships. Bouchard (1990) Study of intelligence between twins over 21 years. b. Experiment—manipulate variables, determine cause and effect, random assignment not viable for correlational studyc. Limitations—cannot determine cause and effect, third or more variables could have influenced behavior4. List one pro and one con of each of the following methods: laboratory study, field study, self-report methods (questionnaires and interviews), and observational methods (naturalistic observation and tests).a. Laboratory—PRO facilitate collection of data, control environment CON ecological validityb. Field—PRO high ecological validity CON can’t control environmentc. Self Report—PRO Information not able to obtain otherwise CON bias, schemad. Observational—PRO observe natural behavior CON time and analysis5. How do the mean and median compare in a normal distribution? A positively skewed distribution? A negatively skewed distribution?6. Briefly define 8 of the following terms: frequency distribution: table or graph depicting individual scores within a set of intervalsrange:normal distribution: bell-shaped frequency distribution variance: measure of variability of a set of scoresbimodal distribution:mean: arithmetic average of a set of scoresmode: most frequently occurring score in a set of scoresstandard deviation: measure of variability in a set of scoresunimodal distribution: percentile rank: any single score in a set of scorespositively skewed distribution: standardized score: expressed in terms of the number of standard deviations the original score is from the meannegatively skewed distributionz score: simplest form of standardized scoremedian: center score in a set of scorescorrelation coefficient: numerical measure of strength and direction of relationship between two


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PSU PSYCH 100 - Chapter 2

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