Psych 100.1H Focus QuestionsChapter 12 (pg. 435-456) – Class 2510/23/20131. Define attachment. What did Harlow’s monkey studies show about attachment to caregivers? What did Bowlby observe about attachment in human infants? What is the strange-situation test and what does it show about attachment?attachment- emotional bond( infants between themselves and those on who they depend)Harlow’s monkey studies show attachment to caregivers- Experiment*- Harlow(researcher) raised infant monkeys individually in isolated cages, each containing two surrogate mothers(one made of bare wire and the other with soft terry cloth) Findings- regardless of which surrogate contained a nutritive nipple, all infant monkeys treated the cloth-covered surrogate as a mother Bowlby observe about attachment in human infants- - Bowlby(researcher) found that children showed distress when mothers left them, especially in unfamiliar environment evolutionary interpretation- infants who ran after their mothers and stopped their mothersfrom leaving were more likely to survive in adulthood - attachment strengthens at 6-8 months when infants begin to move around on their own- attachment a universal human phenomenon - observed from 8 months to 3 years( about time of becoming mobile) strange-situation test/what does it show about attachment- distress reaction when separated, or approached by stranger - pleasure with reuniting strange-situation test- developed my Mary Ainsworth- infant and mother are brought into an unfamiliar room with toys. Infant remains in room while sometimes is just with mother, stranger, or alone. - securely attached- infants that explore the room/toys confidently in their mother’s present and become upset when mother leaves - avoidant attachment- infant who avoids the mother/acts coldly towards her - anxious attachment- infant who does not avoid the mother but continues to cry despiteher attempts to comfort2. What does attachment predict about later outcomes? How can parents be trained toimprove care? Are children equally affected by parents’ effects? What do daycare studies tell us about attachment?Attachment quality three levels: 1) securely attached(70%) – mother present-willing to Explore- sensitive care - mother absent, explores less and cries - happy to see mother return 2) avoidant attachment (20%) – disregards mother or emotionally cold when present 3) anxious attachment (10%) continues to cry when mother present coliquey(irritable babies)- mostly seen as first-born attachment predict about later outcomes- sensitive care- infants who are securely attached to mothers who provide contact comfort,respond to infants signals of distress, and interact with infants in an emotionally synchronous manner -positive correlations between mother’s sensitive care and security of infants attachment to mother - infants develop “working model” of their first attachment relationship and affects their relationships through life - Another ex. children may for genetic reasons be more cheerful than others and may leadthem to a) show “secure” pattern in the strange-situation test, b) succeed in sensitive care with their mothers, and c) get along well with people later in lifesecure attachment and self-autonomy: - strong correlation between secure attachment and later positive social relations, problem solving, and emotional health parents be trained to improve care- Experiment*- Van den Boom(researcher) focused on mothers with temperamentally irritable babies. Previously noted that mothers tended to withdraw emotionally from them, which declined baby to mother relationship - had group of 100 mother-infant pairs(with these irritable babies) - half mothers participated in 4-month training program to help encourage mothers to respond appropriately to babies signals, later babies were tested in strange-situation test and results showed that these babies showed secure attachment are children equally affected by parents effects- genetic characteristic- ss and ll genotype- ll type less sensitive to maternal care- perhaps reason for differences in resiliency No, relationship between parental care and attachment depends on genetic makeup - gene(5- HTTLLLPR gene) comes in two forms short(s) and long(l) form l- greater uptake of serotonin into brain neurons than does the s allele. Those homologous for l are less affected by negative environmental experiences than other children Ex. more depressed or fear of abusive homesresults- attachment increased for the ss/sl group but not affected by maternal sensitivity for the ll group daycare studies tell us about attachment- - high-quality day care relates with positive development just as high-quality home care does - children are with the same familiar caregivers each day day care apparently does not interfere with primary caretaker attachment Ex. Kibbutz in Israel (cooperation) – no child would marry another in the kibbutz 3. Discuss cross-cultural differences in infant care, including a discussion of sleeping arrangements, hunter-gatherer societies, and issues of dependence.sleeping arrangements- - Western culture- infants/young children should usually sleep with their mothers or in the same room but often sleep alone(unlike Mayan mothers- always close contact with their children) - Apparently Western Euro culture less indulgent of their children Experiment*- adult women(in Spain) who had slept with parents up to age of 4/5 showed a healthier personality - infants and toddlers to sleep alone- high rate of attachment to inanimate objects ex. “security blanket, special doll, etc. ) - infants are more likely to form attachments when sleeping alone than in presence of an adult hunter-gatherer societies- -ancestors lived in small groups by gathering and hunting methods Study*- !Kung infants spend most time during the first year with their mothers - other hunter and gather culture(Efe)- infants only spend half of the day with their mothers ( by 8-12 months they show attachment with their mother) issues of dependence- indulgent parenting- includes sleeping with infants and immediate comfort whenever theycry can lead infants to become more demanding and prevent them from learning to cope with life frustrations Ex. unlike !Kung children who grow to be cooperative and brave - high indulgence of infants’ desires provide long-lasting emotional bonds that are stronger than developed by our Western practices
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