The Psychoanalytic Approach Sigmund Freud - Freud believed that the unconscious mind was a crucial key Defense Mechanisms: Ego’s protective method to deal with unacceptable impulses and anxietyDenial- protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive itDisplacement- Redirection of an impulse away from the person who promotes it and towards a safe substituteReaction Formation- transforms an unacceptable impulse or thought into its opposite Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others Projective Tests: ambiguous virtual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind-Rorschach inkblock test- 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli Freud’s Theory of Personality Development - 5 Main Psychosexual Stages- Each emphasizes an erogenous zone - Must Resolve Conflict between zones and society 1) Oral Stage- First year of life- The erogenous zone is the mouth- The Primary conflict weaning and teething2) Anal- One to three years- Involves development of the ego- Primary conflict is toilet training3) Phallic- Three to six years- Involves development of the superego as a result of the Oedipus complex- Sexual attraction, sexual interest- Oedipus Complex- a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealously and hared for the rival father-Castration anxiety - Electra Complex- Female version of the Oedipus Complex-Penis envy4) Latent- Six to puberty- Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills developed 5) Genital Stage- At puberty- Sexual feelings resurface and are consciously expressed appropriately Problems Arise…Fixation: “stuck” in a stage due to inadequate completion of an earlier stage Regression: During time of stress, we regress to incomplete stages Some other examples: anal-retentive personality (clean desk)anal-expulsive personality (sloppy)The Trait Theory ApproachTrait Theories of Personality- Trait: a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving- Gordon Allport: developed a method to organize traits according to their influence- Cardinal Traits – extremely strong, how you deal with friends, family, relationships, career, where your gonna live, what your gonna eat today, etc. Influential - Central Traits – pretty strong leveled influence, consistent, not as influential as cardinal traits. ex. Creative, shy, artistic. - Secondary Traits – More flexible, more based on context. Ex. Outgoing. Not asinfluential as the central traits- Raymond Cattell: using factor analysis, outlined a distinct set of “source” traits which form the core of everyone’s personality- The Five Factor Model (Costa & McCrea)- Openness (creativity) – how open you are to new ideas, trying new things, more of a down to earth kind of person- Conscientiousness (organization) – more of a list maker, highly organized, careful, ambitious, hard working, so on- Extraversion (sociability) – how you interact with other people, extraverted, interactive with people, be around other people, talkative- Agreeableness (likeability) – how well liked you are by others, kind, warm, caring, understanding of other people, cheerful, - Neuroticism (stability) – very emotionally unstable, every little thing sets them off, - OCEAN – to remember themChild DevelopmentDevelopmentWhat is development?- Pattern of changes in human capacities across the lifespan- Nature versus Nurture – is genetics or environment more important for development? - Continuous versus Discontinuous – is development marked by gradual or distinct changes?- Stability versus Change – do we remain the same or change during development?ReflexesReflex: Unlearned, automatic response to a particular stimulus -Rooting reflex- touching the cheek Sucking Reflex- object placed in mouthMoro reflex- startled by noise, loss of support Palmer grasp reflex: touching of the palmBabinski reflex- stroking sole of the foot Tonic neck reflex- turned to head to the side Physical DevelopmentSalutatory Growth- growth in spurts rather than continuous in natureMotor Development- Cephalacaudal trend- Top to bottom Proximodistal trend- Center outward Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) Cognitive Approach - Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information - Adaptation: Assimilation- Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas Adaptation: Accommodation-Changing one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new informationDriven towards equilibrium-motivation to learn is driven by discrepancies Piaget’s Stage TheorySensorimotor (first 2 years):Understanding the world through sensory experiences-Object permanence: understanding that an object out of view still exits -A Not B error taskPreoperational Period (2-7 years)-Development and use of internal images and symbols-Transductive Thinking- inferences based on single attribute (ex. Boy running to emergency room because he thinks he’s getting another baby brother) Animistic Thinking- inanimate objects given living characteristics - Concrete Operations (7-11 years old) – Start of true logical thinking, yet based on the present- Formal Operations (11+ years) – abstract problem solving abilities occurring during adolescence. Metacognition. Side effects of these new abilities include:the Imaginary Audience Phenomenon, The Personal Fable (feeling unique), Optimism Bias, Pseudo-stupidity, Conservation Tasks- Conservation of Substance – “do the two pieces have the same amount of clay?”- Conservation of Number – “do the two rows have the same number of pennies?”- Horizontal DecalageAttachment- Emotional tie to another person- Body Contact and Early Theories: - Drive Reduction Model – caregiver provides reduction of the drive of hunger- Caregiver contact comfort? Harlow’s Experiments - Operant conditioning model- positive interactions lead to reinforcing of behaviors Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment Pre-attachment Phase (birth to 6 weeks)Attachment-in-the-making phase (6 weeks to 6 to 8 months) “Clear-cut” Attachment (6 to 9 months to about 18 months)Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test - A procedure used to study attachment, in which an infant is placed in a novel environment and is observed reacting to it in the presence and then absence of a caregiver. Types of attachment:Securely attached- two out of three children- Cry- Follow after mother- When caregiver returns, calmed quickly Insecurely attached-
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