Psych 100.1H Focus QuestionsChapter 12 (pg. 456-end) – Class 2610/25/20131. Provide an overview of what happens during adolescence in regard to relationships with parents and peers. How does control play a role in parent-adolescent relationships?a. Adolescencei. Puberty—hormonal onset of secondary sexual changes (11-25, 20-25 for youth)ii. Erikson’s 5th stage—males, identification vs identity diffusioniii. Gilligan—females, intimacy vs isolationb. Shifting from Parents to Peers for Intimacy and Guidancei. Becoming autonomous—breaking away from total parental rules to establish some of ones ownii. Peer relationships—increasing emotional support from age-mates than from parentsiii. Breaking down gender separation—older vs younger groups1. Cliques—same sex small groups mainly younger2. Crowds—mixed sex larger groups mainly olderiv. Peer vs parental influence1. Choosing friends based upon similar interest, goals2. Maintaining group membership dependent on maintaining group-approved behavior3. Group behavior culturally determine whether positive or negative to adult culture2. Describe and provide evidence for the different explanations of why recklessness and delinquency increases in adolescence. a. Universal phenomenoni. Current brain research indicates pre-frontal cortex (cognitive control) not completely developed in young adolescentsii. Myth of invulnerability—idea that immune to catastropheiii. Sensation seeking—enjoying the rush of dangeriv. Heightened aggressiveness—lower emotional controlb. Why adolescents prefer peersi. Earlier sexual development with few social outletsii. Longer period of preparation for adult rolesiii. Segregation from adultsiv. Deliberate reactions to separate self from adult world1. Extreme reckless and dangerous behavior2. Alternative life styles (hair make up clothing activity)c. Young male syndromei. Willingness to take risker physical chances to show competencies (sex, driving, stunts, drugs, fighting)ii. Part of dominance and leader motivation—also seen in many animalsiii. Often seen in less intellectual membersiv. Height of female aggressiveness in adolescence also3. How do adolescents advance on Kohlberg’s scale of moral reasoning? What do studies ofmorally committed adolescents tell us?a. Theory of moral developmenti. Pre conventional—Stages 1 2 3 various pressures to obey the expected rulesii. Conventional—Stage 4 acceptance of valuesiii. Post conventional—stage 5 going beyond accepted valuesb. Carol Gilligan’s female theory of moral developmenti. Women not as rule boundii. Women more likely to “cut a break”c. A person’s own morality—no specific processi. Some imitated, some in reaction to eventsii. Often morality based upon valued positive parental principlesd. Sexual explorationsi.4. What are problems associated with emerging sexuality in adolescence? Is there a sex difference in sexual eagerness? Why? How does rearing affect teenage sexuality?a. Problemsi. Approval of youthful sexual imagesii. General social disapproval of sexual expressionsb. Unprotected sex, STDs, and pregnancyi. Too many unwed mothers in poverty to provide for offspringii. Sex education far behind rest of advanced worldc. Sex differencei. Vestiges of double standard1. Breaking down in USii. Celibacy vs promiscuity1. An evolutionary perspectivea. Women are more selective sexually than men for good reason i. Carrying offspring for 9 monthsii. Caring for offspring for years2. Sexuality and parental rearinga. Partner fidelity depended upon cultural expectations especially of maleb. Greater promiscuity in cultures with little male care of youngd. Rearing affect Sexualityi. Love1. Romantic vs companionate love2. Marital satisfactionii. Employment1. Occupational self direction, balance work and home life2. Parents as occupational models3. Subsitence vs maintinence workiii. Growing Old5. How can romantic love be viewed as adult attachment? What factors contribute to maritalsuccess?a.6. Discuss the value of occupational self-direction. How do adults balance work and home life? a.7. What happens during old age in terms of one’s outlook on life? Include a discussion of socioemotional selectivity theory in your response. What happens to memory in old age? How do humans prepare for
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