PSYCH 100 PROFESSOR LEBRETON SPRING 2015 FINAL STUDY GUIDE Notes from exam 1 Chapter 1 o What is psychology the science of behavior and mental processes psychology studies more of the abnormal instead of the normal o Structuralists vs Fundamentalists Structuralists attempt to structure the mind look into our feelings inner self to understand our behaviors and describe experiences Functionalists attempt to analyze the function of our behavior o There are 6 schools of thought in psychology Biological the bodies influence on our behavior thoughts feelings actions etc Comes from our nervous system hormones genes chemical imbalance in brain Behaviorism environment and experience and how they affect our thoughts feelings behaviors actions etc Things we see and experience can alter how we act and feel Cognitive inner thoughts effect on our outward actions and behaviors Deals with reasoning beliefs thoughts memory Socioculture social and cultural effects on our thoughts feelings behaviors Psychodynamic our unconscious conflicts effect our thoughts feelings behaviors many of these conflicts come from our childhood Humanistic reaching our fullest potential living a fulfilled life o Basic vs Applied Psychology Basic the published research Applied the uses of the research Basic applied o 8 types of Psychologists Industrial study behavior in the work force Experimental lab studies Educational look to improve education system Developmental study how individuals grow and change throughout lifetime Psychometric create tests and analyze results School deal with the student teacher and parents to improve classroom behaviors Clinical study and treat emotional abnormal behaviors Counseling study and help those with adjustment problems o The four goals of psychology Describe the behavior that is occurring Predict what are the future trends Understand why is this behavior occurring Modify change for the better o Studies in Psychology Case study account of one individual that you are studying Observational observe the behaviors of individuals over period of time Tests Standardized norms reliability validity Surveys self report ask individuals to report on certain behaviors or attitudes o Correlations variables o Experiments dependent Correlation coefficient number describing the strength and direction between to Negative coefficient variables move in opposite direction Positive coefficient variables move in same direction Range 1 0 1 0 closer to 1 or 1 the stronger the relationship one variable is manipulated independent to study its effect on another variable Experimental group receives IV while control group receives PLACEBO Chapter 2 o Nervous System central brain and spinal cord peripheral nerves connecting CNS to body Peripheral has two components Somatic nerves under conscious control and Autonomic involuntary Autonomic also has two components Sympathetic activate organs during stress and arousal Parasympathetic opposite calms body brings everything back to normal Neuron specialized cell conduct impulses throughout the nervous system 3 parts Cell body Dendrites receive the message Axon send the message Synapse structures space between neurons synaptic vesicles contain the neurotransmitter neurotransmitters contain the message and receptor sites dendrites receive the neurotransmitter with the message Imbalances related with neurotransmitters Imbalance of acetylcholine Alzheimer s Imbalance of serotonin depression anxiety Imbalance of dopamine Schizophrenia o The Brain Brain stem Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Cerebral Cortex Brain stem Forebrain Medulla Pons control vital automatic functions i e heartbeat breathing blood pressure and reflexes i e coughing vomiting sneezing Reticular formation general alertness consciousness Cerebellum Little brain control motor movements Thalamus relay station for all sensory message excluding smell Hypothalamus Drive center regulate hunger thirst sex drive body regulations Limbic system Amygdala and Hippocampus o Amygdala link emotion to memory o Hippocampus store new memories navigation skills Cerebral Cortex four lobes Frontal motor area control voluntary movements Broca s ability to speak language Frontal Association areas thinking planning impulse control Parietal sense of touch and pressure awareness of body placement Temporal auditory cortex process auditory information hearing Occipital nerves in eye carry message to brain sight o Divided Brain Cerebral Hemispheres 2 Each control movement and feelings on the opposite side Left vs Right Brain Left control right side spoken written language numerical skills reasoning logic Right controls left side music auditory emotional thinking visual spatial relations o Plasticity brain s ability to reshape can change and grow based on experiences Chapter 4 o Genes basic units of heredity carry out genetic characteristics o Chromosomes carry out genes 23 from mom 23 from dad Trisomy 12 down syndrome XX girl XY boy Braca 1 gene 80 chance of cancer Chromosome pairs Dominant dominant dominant gene shows Dominant recessive dominant shows but recessive is there Recessive recessive recessive gene shows o Heritability statistical measure of how much a trait is inherited and how much is because of other factors fraternal o Twins monozygotic one egg one sperm identical dizygotic two eggs two sperm o Psychological disorders linked to genetics alcohol abuse in males anxiety disorders depression and antisocial behavior psychopath Chapter 5 o Development predictable behaviors that can be associated with an increase in age o Maturation systematic physical growth for the body o Nature and nurture tend to go hand in hand work together o Prenatal Development 3 stages Germinal Embryonic Fetal 2 weeks conception cell division and uterine implantation 2 8 weeks post conception major organs are formed heart beat at 5 weeks 8 weeks end of pregnancy continuation of growth of all major organs o Neonatal the newborn Birth 2 weeks old Transition from womb independent life Weak and dependent on mother The sense of vision is very limited Sleep around 16 hours a day o Infancy 2 weeks 2 years Most rapid growth period is during the first year Milestones 2 months raise head increase vision to 12 feet 6 months roll over crawl increase vision to 20 20 1 year walk and talk 2 years toddle explore Emotional and Social development 2 months smile at caregiver 4 9 month separation anxiety 2 years full range of complex emotion o Early childhood 2 7 years Play
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