PSYCH 100 Introduction to Psychology Josh Wede Fall 14 Study Guide for Exam 2 Exam Date in class on Thursday October 23rd The exam will consist of 40 multiple choice questions The exam questions will mainly be based on material from lecture and also discussed in the book but some questions will be based on material that is only covered in the textbook Remember you won t be asked about simple definitions or facts so make sure you understand the following concepts Lectures 7 8 and Chapter 3 pgs 96 103 118 129 1 Know how wavelength and amplitude intensity are related to the psychological dimensions of color hue and brightness a Wavelength i Hue ii Different wavelengths of light result in different colors the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next determined by wavelength b Intensity amount of energy in a wave amplitude i Related to perceived brightness 2 Know the parts of the eye that we discussed in class Transparent tissue where light enters the eye Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening adjustable opening that lets light into the eye focuses the light rays on the retina a Cornea b c Pupil d Lens e Retina Iris Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain 3 What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness a Accommodation b Visual system tries to focus by light hitting fovea c Nearsightedness nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects the eye s lens changes shape to help focus objects on the retina Image focused in front d Farsightedness faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects 4 What are the differences between rods and cones Image focused behind retina i i a Cones the receptors for visual acuity or ability to see fine detail i Concentrated in center of retina fovea ii Cones work best in bright light iii Allow eyes to see in color b Rods sensitive to changes in brightness but not to a variety of wavelengths i Only see in black and white and shades of gray ii Responsible for peripheral vision iii High sensitivity in dim light 5 Know the tri chromatic and opponent process theories of color vision c Rods Cones a Tri chromatic Theory i Retina contains three receptors maximally sensitive to red blue and green wavelengths ii The combination of cones and the rate at which they are firing that determine the color that will be seen iii Short wavelength blue violet iv Medium wavelength green v Long wavelength green yellow b Opponent Process Theory i We process four primary colors opposed in pairs of red green blue yellow and black white ii Competition between colors 1 If one member of a pair is strongly stimulated the other member is inhibited and cannot be working iii Can explain after images 1 Afterimages original stimulus is removed occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the 6 Be able to describe what color blindness is and what the perception is like in general Which theory can account for color blindness a Most people are trichromats b Color blindness i Caused by defective cones in the retina ii Sex linked inheritance iii Monochrome color blindness at all people either have no cones or have cones that are not working iv Dichromatic color blindness have one cone that does not work c The trichromatic theory accounts for color blindness 7 What is an afterimage Which theory can account for their appearance a Afterimages occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed b Opponent process theory accounts for afterimages c Ex American flag 8 Know the Gestalt grouping principles proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure and common fate i Ex Dot boxes a Proximity the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping b Similarity refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group i Ex Red boxes and Black boxes vs rows of black and red dots c Continuity d Connectedness the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken up pattern a sensation and perception term that refers to the perception of uniform or linked spots lines or areas as a single unit When these forms are linked together or uniform they simply appear to form a single unit and seem to go together the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete e Closure i Ex Dashed circle appears to be a circle f Common fate region the tendency is to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group 9 What are the two binocular cues to depth perception and how do they work a Cues that require the use of two eyes b Convergence refers to the rotation of two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object i Gives a highly accurate estimation of how far away an object is c Binocular disparity because our eyes are a few inches apart they don t see exactly the same image If two images are very different the object must be pretty close i ii Ex Finger Sausage 10 Know the monocular cues for perceiving depth relative size interposition occlusion aerial perspective texture gradient linear perspective and motion parallax a Can tell how far away something is relative to something else b Relative size farther away i Ex Movie small models if two objects are similar in size we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as c Interposition occlusion one object blocks our view of another the object that is blocking is closer i Ex Painting with houses lined up d Aerial perspective the farther away something is it will be more hazy i Light passes through atmosphere ii more atmosphere more noise haze iii clear objects are closer e Linear perspective parallel lines appear to converge with distance i The more lines converge the greater their perceived distance ii Ex Roads f Texture gradient g Motion parallax we see fewer details texture the farther an object is from us Close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away 11 What is a perceptual constancy Know size shape and color constancies a Perceiving the properties of an object to remain the same even though the physical properties of image on retina are changing b Shape Constancy c Size Constancy d Color constancy shape perception same retinal image different We perceive an object as same size even if retinal size changes color of an object remains the same under different illuminations Key Terms
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