Chapter 6 pg 185 208 1 Describe the term motivational state or drive What are the different drives present in all mammals and what is an example of each What is the central state theory of drives Be sure to describe the role of neurons and the hypothalamus in your response Motivational State Drive An internal reversible condition in an individual that orients the individual toward one or another type of goal such as food or water This condition is not observed directly but is inferred from the individual s behavior Motivation is a Hypothetical Construct inferred state from resulting behavior Biological physiological Regulatory Drives Drives that help maintain some constancy of the body s internal environment helping to maintain the body s homeostasis that is necessary for survival o Hunger Thirst Safety Drives drives that motivate an animal to avoid escape or fend off dangers such as predators or enemies o Fear Anger Psychological Social Drives Relationship Drives that promote cooperation with others to survive o Friendship Acceptance Approval in Humans as powerful as Regulatory safety and reproduction Educative Drives Curiosity When other drives are not too pressing this drive comes out and consists mostly of play to learn and exploration to acquire useful info about environment o Play Explore Curiosity Species Reproductive Drives Sexual o Sexual drive to care for young once they are born sexual jealousy Non Regulatory Drive Any motivational state such as the sex drive that serves some function other than that of preserving some constancy of the body s internal environment Homeostasis The constancy in the body s internal environment that must be maintained through the expenditure of energy Maslow s Hierchy of Needs Must first satisfy Physiological needs then safety needs belongingness and love needs esteem needs self actualization needs Central State Theory of Drives The theory that the most direct physiological bases for motivational states or drives lay in neural activity in the brain According to most versions of this theory different drives correspond to activity in different localizable sets of neurons Central Drive System According to the central state theory of drives a set of neurons in the brain that when active most directly promotes a specific motivational state or drive Different drives correspond to neural activity in different sets of neurons in the brain Role of Neurons and the Hypothalamus Hypothalamus is the hub of many central drive systems o The brain structure is ideally located to play such a role Centered at the base of the brainstem and is strongly interconnected with higher areas of the brain Direct connections to nerves that carry input from and autonomic motor output to the body s internal organs Connection with pituitary gland controls the release of many hormones o Has all the inputs and outputs that central drive systems would be expected to have 2 Differentiate between the liking wanting and reinforcement systems of reward What role does dopamine play in how the liking and wanting systems differ What role does it play in reinforcement for learning Three components of Reward Liking Wanting and Reinforcement Liking the subjective feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward Occurs when you get what you want Endorphins released into the nucleus accumbens are crucial for the immediate pleasure experienced when rewards are received or consumed Wanting the desire to obtain a reward To want something is to be motivated to get it Occurs before reward is received Dopamine is responsible for wanting Release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens just before animal pushes lever but not after they receive the reward Dopamine helps motivate the animal to obtain the reward but is not essential for the pleasure received from obtaining the reward Reinforcement the effects that rewards have in promoting learning Through effects on the brain reward helps to stamp in or reinforce the memory of stimuli and actions that occurred just before the reward was received Closely related to wanting The release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens just before animal pushes lever is also crucial for their ability to learn to use cues to predict when and where rewards are available Dopamine release promotes LTP long term potential of neural connections within the nucleus accumbens With learning dopamine starts to be released just to stimulus just to light flashing with no food Dopamine One of many neurotransmitter substances in the brain It is crucial for the wanting component of reward Endorphin Chemicals produced in the body that acts like morphine in inhibiting pain Essential for liking 3 What is hunger an example of Describe the roles of the arcuate nucleus hormone PYY leptin and sensory stimuli in the control of appetite Hunger is an example of a regulatory drive for survival Arcuate Nucleus A nucleus cluster of neural cell bodies in the hypothalamus of the brain that plays a critical role in the control of appetite Contains two classes of Neurons that have opposite effects on appetite o 1 Appetite stimulating neurons o 2 Appetite suppressing neurons Exert effects on other brain areas through the release of slow acting neurotransmitters Capacity to alter neural activity for long periods of time Hormone PYY An appetite suppressing hormone Is produced in by special endocrine cells in the large intestine When food enters the intestines after a meal it stimulates secretion of PYY into the bloodstream Internal signals contribute to short term regulation of appetite Target tissues of PYY is the arcuate nucleus where the hormone excites appetite suppressing neurons and inhibits appetite stimulating neurons Leptin Fat cells secrete this hormone at a rate that is directly proportional to the amount of fat that is in the cells Leptin is taken up into the brain and acts on neurons in the arcuate nucleus and other parts of the hypothalamus to reduce appetite Body is sensitive to not only the amount of food recently eaten PYY but also to the amount of fat stored in body Sensory Stimuli environment Hunger is provoked not just by events inside us but also by sensory stimuli in the Evolutionarily makes sense eat when food is available Any cues that have previously signaled opportunity to eat sight or smell of good food sound of a dinner bell sight of a clock showing dinner time can bring on a sudden surge of appetite Once a person begins to eat the taste of
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