Psych 100 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 5 Learning Learning a A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by I b Relatively permanent part of the brain is physically changed to c Process of memory it is always there whether you can retrieve it or experience or practice record what we learned not d Experience is an example of how you learn not to touch a hot stove change due to biology not experience e Maturation i Ex growing height wise II Ivan Pavlov a Classical conditioning learning to make an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex b Reflex an unlearned involuntary response one that is not under personal control or choice i Ex food being placed in a dog s mouth causes the salivary glands to start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion c Stimulus any object event or experience that causes a response i Dog example food is stimulus salivation is response d Unconditioned stimulus UCS a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response unlearned ordinarily leads to the reflex response i Ex the dog s food e Unconditioned response UCR an involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus unlearned occurs due to genetic wiring in the nervous system i Ex salivation to the food f Natural stimulus NS stimulus that has no effect on the desired response i Ex the dog s dish no effect on salivation ii When a previously NS through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response learning has occurred becomes CS g Conditioned stimulus CS stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus learned h Conditioned response CR learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus III Basic Principles in Classical Conditioning a The CS must come before the UCS i Ex sounding metronome after feeding dogs did not become b The CS and UCS must come very close together in time 5 sec apart i Ex long times between metronome and food no association conditioned max was made c The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times often many times before conditioning can take place d The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive or stands out from other competing stimuli i Ex the metronome was a sound that was not normally present in the laboratory and distinct IV Stimulus generalization a The tendency to response to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response b Ex a person who reacts with anxiety to the sound of a dentist s drill might react with some slight anxiety to a similar sounding machine V Stimulus discrimination a The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus i Coffee grinder may give dentist haters anxiety at first but after a while it won t phase them VI Extinction the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the absence of the unconditioned stimulus a The removal if an unconditioned stimulus leads to extinction of the conditioned response why i The presentation of the CS alone leads to new learning b Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change although extinction means that the response is dead the learned response from the stimulus is still present c Dog example after putting the metronome away for a significant amount of time Pavlov brought it back out randomly and the dogs began to salivate a very small amount but it was enough to show that the response was still in their heads Spontaneous recovery the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred a Response is usually weak and short lived b Ex insomnia i One of recommendations to treat it was to avoid reading working watching TV or eating in bed ii The bed should only be used for sleeping eventually become a conditioned stimulus for sleeping VII VIII High order conditioning occurs when a strong conditional stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus a Ex snap before metronome would make the sequence snap tick salivate NS CS CR but eventually the snap would make the dogs salivate too because it would be associated with the ticking IX Conditioned taste aversion a Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction occurring after only one association b Ex giving lab rats a sweet liquid and then injecting them with a drug that causes nausea they will not drink the liquid again Biological preparedness tendency of animals to learn certain associations with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning a Survival mechanism taste smell good bad if they keep on eating a food that tastes or smells off they could die b Nausea may only require one CS and UCS pairing to learn Operant conditioning a The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and X XI unpleasant consequences to responses b Thorndike s Law of Effect i One of first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary responses began the study of operant conditioning ii Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated c B F Skinner d Reinforcement i Behaviorist who assumed leadership of the field after Watson ii Operant behavior voluntary behavior learning this behavior is operant conditioning iii One of biggest contributions to behaviorism reinforcement i Any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again ii A consequence that is in some way pleasurable to the organism what s in it for me iii The key to learning in operant conditioning iv Skinner box operant conditioning chamber research device used by placing a rat into the box and training it to push down on a bar to get food v Primary reinforcer any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need hunger thirst touch vi Secondary reinforcer any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer praise tokens gold stars vii Positive reinforcement the reinforcement of a response by the addition of a
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