Chapter 1 Psychology the study of behavior and mental processes Case Study used by Freud detailed investigation of one subject advantages lots of detailed info may be only option disadvantages info gained cannot me applied to other cases takes a long time venerable to bias Laboratory observation involves watching animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation such as a lab advantages high level of control disadvantages not the natural environment Naturalistic observation involves watching animals or people in their natural environments advantages unbiased people do what they would naturally do disadvantages no control over the environment difficult to replicate o observer effect the tendency for people or animals to behave differently when they know they are being observed o Observer Bias the tendency for the observer to see observe what they are looking for Control Group Correlation group that is not exposed to the independent variable a measure of the relationship between 2 variables Dependent variable Independent Variable Experiment Experimental Group Placebo Effect Representative sample Scientific Method variable that represents the measureable response of participants variable that is manipulated in an experiment the only method that allows researchers to determine the cause of a behavior group that is exposed to the change that the independent variable represents expectations and biases of participants that can affect their behavior randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects a system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data 1 Perceiving the questions 2 For a hypothesis 3 Testing the hypothesis 4 Drawing conclusions 5 Report your results Chapter 2 A network of cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body The release of a neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon Almond shaped structure near the hippocampus involved in fear responses influences motivation emotional control and interpretations Brain spinal cord sensory neurons afferent motor neurons efferent internuerons Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres Responsible for higher though processes and interpretation of sensory input Coats the axon fatty substance that helps insulate protect speed up processing Nervous System o central and peripheral Action potential o Negative ion chlorine Amygdala Autonomic Nervous System Automatic Controls organs glands etc o Sympathetic fight or flight o Parasympathetic rest and digest Central nervous system Corpus callosum Cortex Outer covering of the brain Myelin Glial cells Deliver nutrients to neurons Support neurons Produce myelin Clean up waste and dead neurons Influence generation of new neurons Hippocampus Hypothalamus Limbic system Plays a role in our learning and memory and ability to compare sensory info to expectations long term memory like location of things Controls hunger thrust sleep sexual behavior emotions and pituitary gland below and in front of thalamus Group of several brain structures located under the cortex involved in learning emotion memory and motivation Lobes of the brain Frontal o Contains motor cortex o Higher mental functions planning language emotion complex decisions Responsible for processing info from the skin and other internal body Occipital Parietal o Visual cortex o Process visual info from the eyes o Sematosensroy cortex receptors Neural impulse Resting potential Action potential Reticular Formation Runs through the medulla and pons Involved in control or attention arousal Somatic Nervous System Pons Thalamus Chapter 3 Bridge between upper and lower part of brain involved in coordinating movement on the left and right side of the body influences sleep dreaming and arousal Consists of nerves that carry information from the sense to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body Relay center from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex Absolute Threshold Fechner created it Least energy for the correct stimulus detection 50 of the time Smallest difference detectable 50 of the time Just Noticeable Difference Weber s Law Afterimages Visual sensations that persist after the original image has been removed Part of the opponent process theory Binocular Cues Cues for depth based of 2 eyes o Convergence rotation of the eyes to focus on an object o Binocular disparity eyes don t see the same image because of the distance from each other Color blindness Protanopia common red green lack of function in red cones Tritanopia rare blue yellow blue cones don t function Monochrome rare NO CONES structural Cornea Focuses light coming into the eye bends it so it s focuses on the retina Where the light enters the interior of the eye Changes shape to being objects info focus o Visual accommodation changing thickness of the lens The muscle that controls the size of the pupil colored part Pupil Lens Iris Retina Contains photoreceptor cells o Layer 1 light passes through ganglion and bipolar cells o Layer 2 its reaches and stimulates the rods and cones o Layer 3 nerve impulse from the rods and cones travels along a nerve pathway to the brain Depth Perception Ability to perceive the world in 3D o Monocular cues and Binocular Cues Gestalt principles of perception Figure ground tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background Proximity tendency to perceive objects close to each other as part of the same grouping Similarity things that look similar as being part of the same group Closure tendency to complete figures that are incomplete Continuity perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous patterns rather than with a complex broken up pattern Contiguity perceive 2 things that happen to be close together in times as being related Common Region the idea that we perceive objects in the same region as a group Perception Method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are organized and interpreted in some meaningful fashion Perceptual Constancy Tendency to perceive shape size and brightness the same regardless of how close the angle of light conditions Perceptual expectancy Tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions o Top down processing brain to body o Bottom up Processing body to brain Process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated allowing outside stimuli to become neural
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