PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 2 Social Influences role pg 686 fundamental attribution error pg 682 foot in the door phenomenon pg 685 686 Zimbardo studies pg 686 87 promoting role behavior pg 686 cognitive dissonance theory pg 688 Asch studies pg 691 692 informational social influence pg 692 normative social influence pg 692 Milgram studies pg 694 695 factors that affect bystander intervention pg 728 bystander effect pg 728 social facilitation pg 697 deindividuation pg 698 groupthink pg 700 diffusion of responsibility pg 727 self fulfilling prophecies compliance pg 694 social loafing pg 698 group polarization pg 699 conformity pg 691 pluralistic ignorance in class demonstrations and activities SOCIAL INFLUENCES position ought to behave Role a set of explanations norms about a social position defining how those in the Foot in the door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request Zimbardo Studies Prison Study subjects were randomly assigned to play role of either prisoner or guard They instinctively began to act as if they were actually in that situation and it got out of control Had to stop early Fundamental attribution error the tendency for observers when analyzing another s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition if someone acts grouchy we may decide she is a grouchy person even if she isn t Promoting role behavior Cognitive dissonance theory the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort dissonance we feel when two of our thoughts cognitions are inconsistent ex When our awareness of our attitudes and actions clash we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing out attitudes Asch studies Experiments led by Solomon Asch of Swarthmore College asked groups of students to participate in a vision test In reality all but one of the participants were confederates of the experimenter and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates behavior When disagreeing with the others answers one feels extreme discomfort Informational social influence we accept others opinions about reality as true Influence resulting from one s willingness to accept others opinions Normative social influence expectations about how group members should act the same ex Michigan shirt at PSU game Influence resulting from a person s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Milgram studies shock tests 2 3 of teachers shocked until end Ethics No emotional aftereffects Most likely obey when legitimate authority figure close by victim is at distance and no dissenter Compliance to obey a command Social facilitation having a stronger performance when others are present ex Cyclists race faster when competing against each other than clock Social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Deindividuation getting lost in the crowd Increased sense of anonymity and decreased sense of individuality Less self conscious and restrained when in group Group polarization the enhancement of a group s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group If the group is like minded discussion strengths its opinions Groupthink the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives ex If everyone but you think one thing you will just agree even if you don t believe it Factors that affect bystander intervention Bystanders are less likely to help if others are present If people scream you don t know if someone is hurt or laughing The best of us helping someone occurs when the person appears to need and deserve help they re similar to us we just observed someone else being helpful we are not in a hurry small town we are feeling guilty we are in a good mood Bystander effect refers to cases where individuals do not offer any means of help in an emergency situation to the victim when other people are present Conformity adjusting your behaviors and attitudes to match groups Diffusion of responsibility responsibility isn t focused on you if I don t get involved Pluralistic ignorance everyone looks to see what everyone else is doing before they help someone else will the needy Self fulfilling prophecies if you think you will do bad then you will Vision and Sensation bottom up processing pg 226 sensation pg 226 difference threshold jnd pg 230 selective attention pg 87 pupil pg 234 cones pg 235 transduction pg 233 lens pg 234 rods pg 234 fovea pg 236 monochromat pg 241 dichromat pg 241 top down processing pg 226 absolute threshold pg 227 sensory adaptation pg 230 iris pg 234 acuity pg 203 retina pg 234 accomodation pg 234 near far sightedness blindspot pg 235 Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory pg 241 trichromat pg 241 after images pg 241 opponent process theory pg 241 242 kinethesis pg 252 in class demonstrations and activities VISION AND SENSATION Bottom up processing analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain s integration of sensory information Top down processing information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations Sensation detection of energy in environment example is sunlight Sensory adaption diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant simulation Selective attention Iris colored eye muscle responsible for controlling diameter and size of pupils and the amount of light teaching the retina Pupil the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters Acuity sharpness of image Retina the light sensitive inner surface of eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing of visual information images UPSIDE DOWN Transduction conversion of one form of energy into another In sensation the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights sounds and smells into neural impulses out brains can interpret Accommodation process of adjusting curvature of lens to project image onto retina Lens focuses light on back of eye The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina Near far sightedness near sighted farther images are blurry image is focused before retina Far sighted closer images blurry image is focused beyond retina Rods for night vision See world as shades
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