Lecture 371. Know the 3 most common pathogensa. neisseria meningititis- viruses, protists and fungi can also cause it2. Know what the meninges is and why an infection can lead to death so quicklya. Bacteremia systemic inflammatory response sepsisb. Bacteremia can lead to meningococcemia which is meningococcal septicemia3. What are other types of meningitis-causing pathogens a. Viruses, fungi, protists4. Explain what measles, mumps and rubella are; what are the symptoms a. Measlesi. symptoms: infects respiratory tract producing cough, fever, nasal discharge, eventually a rash developsb. Mumps- spread by airborne dropletsi. symptoms: inflammation of salivary glands, swelling of neck 1. virus spreads throughout body--occasionally leading to complications like sterility, encephalitisc. Rubellai. symptoms: milder symptoms than measles, infection of fetus can result in stillbirth, heart, eye and brain damage5. What viruses cause the common colda. Caused by rhinovirus, coronavirus or one of 200 other viruses6. How can rhinovirus evade immune systema. Resistance to human immune defenses, rhinovirus surface contains 4 capsid proteins with many variants 7. What diseases are caused by varicella-zoster virus; what are the symptomsa. Chicken pox and shinglesb. Develops lesions on the face and upper trunk erupt, fill with pus, rupture and covered by scabsc. Usually resolves within a week8. Know the major antigens of influenza virusesa. Neuraminidase (N)- Involved in viral release from host cellsb. Hemagglutinin (H)- Involved in viral attachment into host cellsc. There are 18 H H1-H18, and 11 N N1-N11d. Viruses are named according to location, year and subtype9. Describe antigenic drift and antigenic shifta. Antigenic drift- Mutations of genes over timeb. Antigenic shift- Shuffling of RNA segments10. Be able to describe how influenza viruses are nameda. By location, year and subtypeb. A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) signifies an influenza A virus isolated from a patient in 19678 and of subtype H3N211. How can influenza be transmitted from animals to humansa. Reassortment of human and bird virus, infection with reassortment virus12. Know what happened in the 1918 pandemica. Spanish flub. Killed 50-100 million peoplec. About 25% of all Americans became illd. Mortality rates were over 2.5% compared to 0.1% for typical influenza some areas exceeded 5%e. 28% of the world population developed the pandemic influenza 13. Why is there concern about H5N1a. It spreads slowly and is often fatal, the entire poultry population in hong kong was eliminated in 3 days.14. How was a potential outbreak of H5N1 in humans prevented a. Entire poultry population was eliminated in 3 days to stop spread of the
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