Lecture 71. Describe the two major types of metabolism in a cell a. Catabolismi. Chemical reactions that are degradative, consume carbon and generate energyb. Anabolismi. Chemical reactions that build the cell, and require energy.1. Biosynthetic reactions2. List the major energy-yielding processes in biology a. Fermentationi. Electron donor: growth substrateii. Electron acceptor: organic molecule produced by the celliii. ATP production: substrate level phosphorylationiv. Does not consume oxygenb. Respirationi. Electron donor: organic or inorganic compoundii. Electron acceptor: Exogenous organic or inorganic compound iii. ATP production: oxidative phosphorylation (uses the PMF)c. Photosynthesisi. Electron donor: H2O (oxygenic) or other inorganic compound (anoxygenic)ii. Electron acceptor: CO2 or organic moleculeiii. ATP production: oxidative phosphorylation (PMF generated by light)3. Calculate the Go’ or the G of a reaction, given the relevant information a. ∆Gº’ =∑Gºf (products) - ∑Gº (reactants) kJ/moleb. ∆G = ∆Gº’ + RT ln K (R- constant, T- Temp, K equilibrium constant)c. ∆Go' is negative energy-producing reaction, exergonic d. ∆Go' is positive energy-requiring reaction, endergonic e. standard conditions of 25º C, 1 atm, 1M reactants, pH 7.04. Predict the direction of a reaction in different conditions a. Energy-yielding reactions = exergonic (∆Gº’ is negative)b. Energy requiring reactions = endergonic (∆Gº’ is positive)5. Describe what a catalyst does a. Substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increase thereaction rate6. Describe what a catalyst does not do a. A catalyst does not change the ∆Gº’ of the reaction7. Illustrate the definition of the activation energy of a reaction in a drawing a. Energy needed to bring the molecules involved in a reaction to the reactive state8. Predict the direction of redox reactions based on given redox couples a. Redox- Reactions provide energy for cell growth. Energy is conserved in the form of energy rich compounds such as ATPb. Oxidation- LOSS of an electron from an atom or molecule. The molecule being oxidized is an electron donorc. Reduction- GAIN of an electron. The molecule being reduced is an electron acceptor9. Predict which redox reactions can provide energy for cell growth in a givenenvironment 10.Explain cofactor recycling a. Cofactors = NAD+ and NADH, NADP+ and NADPHb. One is produced and the used in another reaction11.Compare and contrast coenzymes and prosthetic groups a. Coenzymes: freely diffusibleb. Prosthetic groups: Covalently attached to enzymes12.List examples of high-energy organic molecules a. Phosphoenolpyruvateb. ATPc. Acetyl Phosphate13.Explain why cells use mostly molecules whose Go’ of hydrolysis is above -30 kJ as energy currency a. Because the hydrolysis of that bond releases enough energy for ATP synthesis14.Compare and contrast ATP, ADP, and AMP a. ATP: Prime energy currency in all cellb. ADP: -31.8 kJ/molc. AMP: -14.2
View Full Document
Unlocking...