Lecture 121. Define Eukaryotea. Organism with a membrane- enclosed nucleus and other organelles.2. Explain endosymbiosisa. Larger organism swallows a smaller organism and so you get a double membrane and oneorganism exists inside the other3. Recall which bacteria were the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts a. Chloroplasti. Cyanobacteriumb. Mitochondriai. Respiring bacteriumc. For all organismsi. LUCA, Last U common ancestor4. Describe two types of carbon and energy storage granules 5. Recall the evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria/chloroplasts a. 1. Small genomes of circular DNA (other proteins encoded by the nucleus)b. Replicated only from pre- existing mitochondria and chloroplastc. Some eukaryotes chromosomes contain bacterial genes, most likely acquired from bacterial symbiontsd. Encode bacterial type ribosomese. Sensitive to antibiotics specific for bacteriaf. 16s RNA analysis shows phylogenetic relationship to bacteria6. Explain reductive evolution a. Loss of a trait7. Explain the function of mitochondriaa. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylationb. Produces energy for the cell. (power plant of cell)c. CAC and electron transport chain. d. Uses pyruvate and produces CO2 and ATPe. Multiple depending on cell type over 1,00 for animal cellf. Surrounded by 2 membranes8. Explain how hydrogenosomes originated and what they are (un)able to doa. They Degenerate mitochondria so…b. Lack CAC enzymes and cristaec. Can only go from pyruvate to acetyl coAd. Oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate9. Explain where photosynthesis and CO2 fixation take place in the chloroplast a. Organelle in phototrophic eukaryotesb. Contains chlorophyllc. Membrane discs = thylakoidsi. Came from cynobacteriumii. Where photosynthesis happensd. Lumen – the stromai. Where Co2 fixation takes placee. Stroma contains RubisCO, Calvin cycle10. Explain one major ecological impact of fungi a. Endomycorrhizae with most terrestrial plant roots; enhance nutrient uptake11. Name a molecule found in the fungus cell wall a. Cell wall contains chitin (poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine)12. Explain what mushrooms are a. Sexual spore bearing structures of basidiomycetes13. Name uses of fungi by humans a. Mushroomsb. Penicillin- cheese making, antibiotic productionc. Yeastsd. Major source of food spoilage14. Compare and contrast green and red algae a. Bothi. Photoautotrophs1. Only fix CO22. Oxygenic photosynthesisii. Calvin Cycleiii. Two membranes surround the chloroplastiv. Unicellular colonial or filamentousb. Redi. Have chloroplasts and phycovlin phycoerythrinii. Can grow in deeper waters than green algaeiii. Human uses1. Edible red algae species15. Explain why chloroplasts have only two membranes in green and red algae a. They are primary endosymbionts, meaning they originated directly from cyanobacteria being engulfed by an archaea.16. Explain why red algae are red a. Phycoerythrin (porphyra)b. Reflect red light17. Compare and contrast primary and secondary endosymbionts a. Primary: 2 membranesi. Start with eukaryote and swallows a respiratory bacyterium and becomes mitochondriaii. Then you take that and absorb a cynobacterium that has need for photosynthesis and now have N, mito and chloro- Green or red algea or plantb. Secondary:more than 2 membranes (3 or 4)i. Euk with only Mito, and swallow green algrea and get rid of mitochrondria and nucleus and keep intial cholorplastii. Cellular membrane and membrane around chloroplast18. Explain why secondary endosymbionts have both phototrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms a. Because more than 2 membranes surround the chloroplastb. They can do 2 types of metabolismc. Phototrophic i. Get CO2 from fixationii.d. Heterotrophici. Grow from organic matter19. Explain why diatoms are important in the ecology of the planet a. Made of silica so when they die they settle at bottom of ocean they create a lot of biomassb. 1/5 of all photosynthesis on earth20. Name a kinetoplastid that causes a disease and name the diseasea. Trypanosoma brucei: African sleeping sickness 21. Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei a. Host: Humani. Development in: blood stream, lymph, cerebrospinal fluidb. Blood meal taken by tsetse flyc. Host: tsetse flyi. Multiplication and development of infective forms on salivary glandsd. Injection of infective stages by tsetse fly22. Explain how dinoflagellates affect the survival of coral reefs in global warming a. Don’t with stand higher temperature so they either die or if they survive they make the coral die.23. Explain how dinoflagellates can affect human health a. Can poison humans by neurotoxin by red tides24. Name an example of apicomplexansa. “Apical complex” of microtubules at one end of the cellb. Obligate parasites of animals c. Plasmodium falciparum, Taxoplasma 25. Explain what lichens are composed of a. Symbiosis- not a single organismb. Two organisms benefit eachotherc. Fungus and phototrophic partner (alga or cynobacterium)26. Explain the role of the phototrophic partner and that of the fungus partner a. Provides anchor and protection from the elements27. Infer why lichens have a variety of colors (see Lec 10) a. Lichens have a variety of diff. colors to reduce the competition for light by the chlorophylls of organisms that are in mutualistic partnership with fungus; if they are diff. colors it means they absorb diff. types of lights and don't have to fight each other for energy. Such an adaptation would allow the pair to thrive in more environments (natural
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