Lecture 81. Describe the major stages of glycolysis a. Does not require oxygen: takes place in both anaerobes and aerobesb. Found in many organismsc. Splits glucose (6 C) inot two pyruvate (3 C)d. Two ATPs produced from energy-rich intermediates = substrate level phosphorylatione. Redox reaction catalyzed by G3Pf. Stage 1: Preparatory reactionsi. Energy investment to be recovered laterg. Stage 2: i. Making ATP and pyruvateh. Total process:i. 1 Glucoes 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH2. Explain why the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase is very important in glycolysis a. Redox reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase3. Compare and contrast glycolysis and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway a. Glycolysisi. Glucose 2 pyr + 1 NADH + 2 ATPb. Entner-Doudoroff Pathwayi. Glucose 2 pyr + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH + 1 ATP4. List the major functions/outcomes of the pentose-phosphate pathway a. Produces 2 NADPH + Precursors of nucleotides and of aromatic AAs5. Explain why fermentative microbes have to secrete fermentation products a. Fermentation: NADH is reoxidized to NAD+b. Intermediary oxidized compound is reduced and secreted as waste6. Calculate the efficiency of a given fermentation a. DGº’ = sum Gºf (products) – sum Gºf (substratesb. Thenc. = 100 x (energy in ATP generated)d. (energy available)7. Compare and contrast primary and secondary fermentations a. Primaryi. Lactose (Milk) Lactate (homolactic fermentation by lactobacilli)b. Secondaryi. 3 lactate 2 propionate + acetate + CO2 + H2Oii. Ex. Holes in swiss cheese; fermentation of a fermentation product8. Compare and contrast ethanol fermentations in yeast and in Escherichiacoli a. Yeast:i. 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH 2 ethanol + 2CO2 + 2 NAD+b. E. colii. Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + acetate + H2 + CO2 +
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