Lecture 61. Explain how a 1-mm long molecule can fit in a 1-μm long bacterium a. 1,000 fold2. Explain the specific roles of the different proteins involved in compacting the DNA in the nucleoid a. Bacterial Chromosome: Circular, double strandedb. Topoisomerasesc. Histone-like proteins (positively charged)3. Compare and contrast the bacterial nucleoid and the eukaryotic nucleus a. Both contain super coiled DNAb. Both contain histones c. Nucleoid is shaped differently than eukaryotic chromorsomesd. One nucleoid vs multiple eukaryotic chromosomes 4. Explain how the anammox process works 5. Explain why the anammox process takes place inside a separate intracellular compartment a. N2H4 (hydrazine) is very toxicb. Special lipids prevent diffusion6. Explain why the anammoxosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer rather than by a protein membrane a. Special lipid bilayer prevents diffusion of the toxic hydrazine into other parts of the cell7. Explain the function of carboxysomes a. CO2 fixation by RubisCO in the Calvin cyclei. Carbonic anhydrase (CA)ii. RubisCO8. Explain why carboxysomes are needed a. Rubico wastes energy9. Explain in which conditions bacteria produce storage polymers a. Accumulate when energy/nutrient abundant10. Explain the function of storage polymers a. Storage in insoluble form decreases osmotic stressb. Energy/nutrient source for growth and viability11. Describe two types of carbon and energy storage granules a. Glycogen granules:i. Made by some bacteriaii. Branched polymer of alpha linked glucoseiii. Multiple cytoplasmic granules iv. Carbon and energy storagev. Degradation uses Pi to make Glc-1-Pb. Polyphosphate granules i. Linear polymer of inorganic phosphate estersii. Made when excess ATP and nutrient deficiencyiii. Substitutes for ATP in several reactions12. Explain why scientists are interested in producing large amounts of polyhydroxybutyrate a. Brodegradable plasticb. Biotechnology applicationsc. Medical Suturesd. Slow release agrochemcials for farm animals13. Explain why glycogen is an efficient form of carbon and energy storage a. Efficient because it reacts directly with inorganic phosphateb. NO ATP NEEDED14. Explain in which conditions granules of polyphosphate accumulate a. Accumulate when theres excess ATP and deficient nutrients b. Substitutes for ATP15. Give an example of reaction in which polyphosphate can replace ATP a. Glc + (Polyphosphate) Gluc-6-P+ (polyphosphate)b.
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