Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 9 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Trace Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Organs of the Digestive System Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder GB Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus There are of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved 3 Main Functions Physical and chemical breakdown of large food into molecules glucose triglycerides amino acids From intestines Circulated through the body by cardiovascular system Any food that cannot be digested or absorbed is expelled Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved General Disorders of the Digestive Tract Vomiting Protective mechanism in response to presence of irritant infection or blockage often preceded by nausea Diarrhea fluid contents of the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine causing watery stools In an attack of diarrhea there is no reabsorption Constipation feces remain in the colon too long with excessive reabsorption of water Hemorrhoids Enlarged varicose veins in the lining of the rectum near the anus May be internal or external Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Embryologically face and palate formed by coalescence of cell masses that merge to form facial structures Maldevelopment leads to defects 1 per births according to WHO 2010 Multifactorial pattern of inheritance Surgical correction cheiloplasty Cleft lip soon after birth Cleft palate of age followed by speech therapy to correct nasal speech Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Figure 23 02a A complete bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate with anterior protrusion of tissues between clefts Figure 23 01a Widely cleft lip and palate in a 2 week old infant Figure 23 01b The same child at 14 months of age after surgical correction of the defect Types of cleft lip and palate abnormalities viewed from below A Unilateral Cleft Lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Bilateral cleft lip extending to nose palate D Midline cleft palate E Cleft palate with unilateral cleft lip extending to nose F Cleft palate with bilateral cleft lip extending to nose Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate cont d Left untreated may lead to Commonly treated in developed nations Less common in developing nations but many efforts exist Operation Smile http www operationsmile org Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Abnormalities of Tooth Development Teeth specialized structures that develop in tissues of the jaws Two sets Temporary or deciduous teeth teeth Permanent teeth teeth Missing teeth or extra teeth common abnormality Tetracycline caused problems If administered to pregnant women during enamel formation of fetus will cause permanent yellow gray to brown discoloration of the crown of deciduous teeth If administered to infant or child will cause permanent staining of crown of permanent teeth Safe to use after age 8 Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease Within the oral cavity diverse collection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria mix with saliva forming sticky film on teeth Plaque action of bacteria result in tooth decay caries Dental cavity loss of tooth structure from bacterial action Gingivitis inflammation of the gum area near tooth due to masses of bacteria and debris accumulating around base of teeth Periodontal disease inflammation extends to tissues that support teeth forms small pockets of infection between teeth and gums Prevention proper mouth hygiene brushing flossing fluoride Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity Arises from squamous epithelium Lips cheek tongue palate back of throat Relatively common 22 000 new cases per year 6 7000 deaths per year Cancers of head and neck region account for 5 of all cancers reported 30 of those occur in the oral cavity Treated by surgical resection and or radiation therapy Risk Factors Tobacco alcohol use varies by world region e g in part India Asia Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Diseases of the Esophagus The function of the esophagus is the to the stomach Esophageal disease manifests itself as or difficult or painful swallowing Cancer of the esophagus narrows the lumen causing dysphagia may cause vomiting bad taste in mouth bad breath weight loss because of the inability to eat spreads into adjacent organs and to remote sites through the lymph vessels frequently metastasizes before it is detected Prognosis Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by