Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Trace 9Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Organs of the Digestive System • Mouth • Salivary glands • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Gallbladder (GB) • Pancreas • Small intestine • Large intestine • Rectum • Anus There are _____________of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anusCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill 3 Main Functions • ________________________ – Physical and chemical breakdown of large food into molecules: glucose, triglycerides, amino acids • _________________________ – From intestines – Circulated through the body by cardiovascular system • ___________________________ – Any food that cannot be digested or absorbed is expelledCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill General Disorders of the Digestive Tract • Vomiting – Protective mechanism in response to presence of irritant, infection or blockage; often preceded by nausea • Diarrhea – fluid contents of the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine, causing watery stools – In an attack of diarrhea, there is no reabsorption • Constipation – feces remain in the colon too long, with excessive reabsorption of water • Hemorrhoids • Enlarged (varicose) veins in the lining of the rectum near the anus • May be internal or external.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate • Embryologically, face and palate formed by coalescence of cell masses that merge to form facial structures • Maldevelopment leads to defects – 1 per ___________ births, according to WHO, 2010 – Multifactorial pattern of inheritance • Surgical correction (cheiloplasty) – Cleft lip: soon after birth – Cleft palate: _____________ of age followed by speech therapy to correct nasal speechFigure 23.02a: A complete bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate with anterior protrusion of tissues between clefts.Figure 23.01a: Widely cleft lip and palate in a 2-week-old infant.Figure 23.01b: The same child at 14 months of age after surgical correction of the defect.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Types of cleft lip and palate abnormalities viewed from below A. Unilateral Cleft Lip B. Bilateral cleft lip C. Bilateral cleft lip extending to nose & palate D. Midline cleft palate E. Cleft palate with unilateral cleft lip extending to nose F. Cleft palate with bilateral cleft lip extending to noseCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate (cont’d) • Left untreated, may lead to: – ….. – ….. – ….. – ….. • Commonly treated in developed nations • Less common in developing nations, but many efforts exist: – Operation Smile (http://www.operationsmile.org/)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Abnormalities of Tooth Development • Teeth: specialized structures that develop in tissues of the jaws • Two sets – Temporary or deciduous teeth (_____ teeth) – Permanent teeth (______ teeth) • Missing teeth or extra teeth: common abnormality • Tetracycline-caused problems: – If administered to pregnant women during enamel formation of fetus will cause permanent yellow-gray to brown discoloration of the crown of deciduous teeth – If administered to infant or child, will cause permanent staining of crown of permanent teeth – Safe to use after age 8Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease • Within the oral cavity: diverse collection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria mix with saliva, forming sticky film on teeth (______________________) • Plaque + action of bacteria result in tooth decay (caries) • Dental cavity: loss of tooth structure from bacterial action • Gingivitis: inflammation of the gum area near tooth due to masses of bacteria and debris accumulating around base of teeth • Periodontal disease: inflammation extends to tissues that support teeth; forms small pockets of infection between teeth and gums • Prevention: proper mouth hygiene (brushing, flossing, fluoride)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity • Arises from squamous epithelium – Lips, cheek, tongue, palate, back of throat • Relatively common (22,000 new cases per year; 6-7000 deaths per year) – Cancers of head and neck region account for 5% of all cancers reported; 30% of those occur in the oral cavity • Treated by surgical resection and/or radiation therapy • Risk Factors: