Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diseases of the Respiratory System 8Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Objectives • To review normal structure and function of the respiratory system. • To discuss common signs and symptoms associated with respiratory diseases • Describe diagnostic testing • To discuss the prominent upper and lower respiratory diseases, including impact on quality of life, prevention and treatment options, including life-style factors • To discuss age-related respiratory disordersCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Structure and Function • Respiratory System Includes: – Chest (thorax), lungs, and conducting airways • Main Function: – To supply blood with oxygen  Achieved through breathing • Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxideCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84ACopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases • Physical Examination – Auscultation (listening with stethoscope!) – Percussion (tapping on the chest)  Vibrations and change in sound can give clues • Spirometry – Measures the air capacity of the lungs • Peak Flow Tests – Measures the maximum force with which a patient can exhaleCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill • Bronchial Challenge Test – Detects and quantifies airway hypersensitivity • Pulse Oximetry – Measures oxygen saturation in blood – Noninvasive • Arterial Blood Gases (ABGS) – Evaluate blood levels of O2 and CO2 and pH levels – Requires blood sample • Sputum analysis Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases (cont’d)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases (cont’d) • Biopsy and Imaging Tests –Bronchoscopy –Laryngoscopy –Chest X-rays –CT Scans –MRI ScansCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Respiratory Rate • One of the four vital signs, along with heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. • Respiratory rate is dependent on the level of CO2 in the blood. • When the CO2 level is high, a person breathes more rapidly to expel the excess. • If CO2 levels drop, the respiratory rate will also drop.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Normal Respiratory Rates for Different Age Groups Age Respirations per Minute Newborn 1 year old 16 year old Adult 30-6018-3016-2012-20Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Matching Exercise…. Draw arrows to connect the terms with their meanings. • Rapid Breathing? • Coughing Blood? • Blue color in skins and nails? • Labored breathing? Hemoptysis Dyspnea Tachypnea CyanosisCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Common Symptoms of Respiratory Disease • Breathing irregularities: – dyspnea (___________________) – tachypnea (__________________) – wheezing • Coughs: – dry (__________________) – productive (___________________) – hemoptysis (_________________) Labored breathingRapid breathing Non-productiveProduces mucous Coughing bloodCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Common Symptoms of Respiratory Disease (cont’d) • Cyanosis (______________________) • Fever • Fatigue (due to labored breathing & ______________) • Pain (especially sinuses, throat & chest) • Sinus & nasal drainage • Weakness (in muscles and voice) Blue color in skin and nails Less sleepCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill CyanosisCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Upper Respiratory Diseases • Common cold • Sinusitis • Nasal polyps • Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea • Hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis) • Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis • InfluenzaCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights