Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diseases of the Blood 7Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Today’s Objectives • Review the cellular components (formed elements) of blood and their functions • Discuss the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of selected diseases of the blood – Various types of Anemia – Polycythemia Vera – Disorders of Hemostasis – Disorders of White Blood CellsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Blood • Average adult has about __ liters of blood • Circulates through body within vessels of cardiovascular system • A mixture of plasma with cells – Formed elements  Erythrocytes  Leukocytes  Platelets 5Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Plasma • Composes ______ of blood • _________% of plasma is water • Remainder is dissolved substances  Plasma proteins • Albumin - helps transport fatty substances • Globulin - 3 types • Fibrinogen - blood clotting protein 55%90-92%Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) • Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color • Globulin protein + heme molecule • Heme binds to oxygen in the lungs • _____________RBC per cubic millimeter of blood • Average adult has __ trillion; more in males than females • Life span of 120 days • RBC’s bring oxygen to body tissues ~5million35Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Essential Nutrients for Red Blood Cell Synthesis • Iron • Folic acid • Vitamin B12 Nutrient deficiencies, the presence of immature red blood cells, as well as the characteristic color and volume of red blood cells, are laboratory variables that are used to distinguish among different types of anemia. Can be used to measure deficiency and problemsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Anemia • Conditions that decrease red blood cells – Hemorrhages, excessive destruction, or impaired synthesis • Symptoms are due to tissue __________ (lack of oxygen). – Pallor or lack of color, fatigue, dizziness, headaches, decreased exercise tolerance, rapid heartbeat, and shortness of breath • Untreated anemia may progress to death from heart failure or cardiovascular collapse or shock. HypoxiaCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou MulvihillCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Iron Deficiency Anemia • Most common cause of anemia worldwide • Etiology – • increased iron requirements (e.g., pregnancy, adolescent growth spurts) • impaired iron absorption • Hemorrhaging • Without enough iron, the body fails to synthesize _____________, and the ability to transport oxygen is reduced. HemoglobinCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Risks for Iron Deficiency Anemia • Sudden growth spurt in adolescent boys may significantly increase physiological demands for iron resulting in iron deficiency anemia. • Adolescent girls may become iron deficient due to inadequate dietary iron, increased growth requirements, and the onset of menstruation. • Supplemental iron is needed during pregnancy as iron is provided to the developing fetus.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Risks for Iron Deficiency Anemia (cont. ) • Decreases in iron absorption occur with malabsorption syndromes and chronic disease. • Iron absorption requires an intact gastrointestinal tract with healthy intestinal mucosal cells. • Chronic disease, removal of the stomach, and bowel disorders limit availability of iron required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. If you If you don't have a healthy GI tract, you won't be able to absorbCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Symptoms and Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia • Symptoms specific to iron deficiency: • craving for ice • swelling of the tongue • dry lips. • Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is confirmed by microscopic examination of the blood. • Reduction in red blood cells is called _____________________. hypochromiaCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary,