Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 7 Diseases of the Blood Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Today s Objectives Review the cellular components formed elements of blood and their functions Discuss the etiology signs and symptoms diagnostic tests and treatment of selected diseases of the blood Various types of Anemia Polycythemia Vera Disorders of Hemostasis Disorders of White Blood Cells Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Blood 5 liters of blood Average adult has about Circulates through body within vessels of cardiovascular system A mixture of plasma with cells Formed elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Plasma 55 Composes of blood of plasma is water 90 92 Remainder is dissolved substances Plasma proteins Albumin helps transport fatty substances Globulin 3 types Fibrinogen blood clotting protein Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin Hgb Hb gives red color Globulin protein heme molecule Heme binds to oxygen in the lungs 5million RBC per cubic millimeter of blood 35 trillion more in Average adult has males than females Life span of 120 days RBC s bring oxygen to body tissues Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Essential Nutrients for Red Blood Cell Synthesis Iron Folic acid Vitamin B12 Can be used to measure deficiency and problems Nutrient deficiencies the presence of immature red blood cells as well as the characteristic color and volume of red blood cells are laboratory variables that are used to distinguish among different types of anemia Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Anemia Conditions that decrease red blood cells Hemorrhages excessive destruction or impaired synthesis Hypoxia Symptoms are due to tissue lack of oxygen Pallor or lack of color fatigue dizziness headaches decreased exercise tolerance rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath Untreated anemia may progress to death from heart failure or cardiovascular collapse or shock Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Iron Deficiency Anemia Most common cause of anemia worldwide Etiology increased iron requirements e g pregnancy adolescent growth spurts impaired iron absorption Hemorrhaging Without enough iron the body fails to Hemoglobin synthesize and the ability to transport oxygen is reduced Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Risks for Iron Deficiency Anemia Sudden growth spurt in adolescent boys may significantly increase physiological demands for iron resulting in iron deficiency anemia Adolescent girls may become iron deficient due to inadequate dietary iron increased growth requirements and the onset of menstruation Supplemental iron is needed during pregnancy as iron is provided to the developing fetus Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Risks for Iron Deficiency Anemia cont Decreases in iron absorption occur with malabsorption syndromes and chronic disease Iron absorption requires an intact gastrointestinal tract with healthy intestinal mucosal cells Chronic disease removal of the stomach and bowel disorders limit availability of iron required If you don t have a for the synthesis of hemoglobin healthy GI tract you If you Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition won t be able to absorb Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Symptoms and Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia Symptoms specific to iron deficiency craving for ice swelling of the tongue dry lips Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is confirmed by microscopic examination of the blood Reduction in red blood cells is called hypochromia Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia Identify and correct any causes of bleeding Oral supplements are effective in those with an intact gastrointestinal tract Vitamin C The addition of enhances iron absorption Injectable iron supplements are available for individuals with malabsorption or those who cannot tolerate oral supplementation Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Pregnant Women Preschool Children Developed Nations Developing Nations 23 20 52 39 Human Diseases A Systemic