Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 10 Diseases of the Urinary System Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Urinary System Your hardest working system All metabolic processes produce waste Waste is removed through system of blood vessels and tubules Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Urinary System cont d Filtration takes place in nephrons the functional working unit of the kidney Can be seen under microscope More than 1 million nephrons in each human kidney Each nephron contains a pair of arterioles a glomerulus a glomular capsule and sets of tubes leading to ducts Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Kidneys Filter and remove waste products from blood Cleansed blood is returned to circulation Responsible for homeostasis maintain proper balance of water and chemicals in body Regulate levels of electrolytes sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate Maintain pH levels Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Urethra Females 1 5 inches long Males 8 inches long uti implications Figure 10 2 The urinary system Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Glomerulonephritis Non suppurative degenerative inflammation of the glomeruli Caused by antigen antibody reaction 1 4 weeks after skin or throat infection with beta hemolytic streptococci Glomerulonephritis may follow strep cases of pharyngitis tonsillitis or impetigo Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Acute Glomerulonephritis Primarily affects children and young adults Etiology streptococcal infection strep throat scarlet fever or rheumatic fever Diagnosis presence of blood albumin a plasma protein and casts coagulated protein blood in the urine Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Acute Glomerulonephritis cont Symptoms chills and fever loss of appetite and a general feeling of weakness edema particularly in the face and ankles Prognosis generally good Normal kidney function is restored after a period of time with bed rest and salt restrictions and perhaps antibiotics to hasten the recovery Repeated attacks can lead to the chronic condition which can last for many years Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Chronic Glomerulonephritis Diagnosis Urinalysis Manifestations As more glomeruli are destroyed the process of blood filtering must be accomplished by fewer functional units resulting in hypertension Waste products not excreted accumulate to toxic Uremia level this condition is known as May result in convulsions and coma Dialysis treatment is quickly needed to restore blood nitrogen and electrolyte balance Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Hemodialysis Substitutes for the functions of the kidneys by removing waste products from patient s blood Waste products in patient s blood diffuse across a semipermeable membrane into a solution dialysate into the other side of the membrane Two types Extracorporeal dialysis more common patient s circulation connected to an artificial kidney machineRiskier because Peritoneal dialysis less common patient s own of infection peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane potential Tube is inserted into peritoneal cavity and fixed in position by suturing it to the skin Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Figure 10 6 Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration CAVH Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Peritoneal Dialysis Renal Failure Etiology Lack of blood flow Blockage Hemorrhage Various poisons Can be acute or chronic Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Acute Renal Failure Develops suddenly Can be caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys resulting from surgical shock shock after an incompatible blood transfusion severe dehydration Kidney disease trauma or poisons can also cause acute renal failure Good Prognosis Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Chronic Renal Failure Serious disease generally ending in death Can be the result of long standing kidney disease Poisonous substances accumulate in the blood with adverse effects on all the systems Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper