HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 3 Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Objectives Define Infectious Disease ID and terminology related to the study of ID Discuss transmission control of transmission treatment of ID Describe and compare the characteristics of various categories of infectious agents prions viruses bacteria protozoa fungi and helminthes Define and discuss nosocomial infections Discuss antibiotic resistance and appropriate use of antibiotics Discuss re emerging Infectious Disease Terminology Epidemiology the study of the transmission occurrence distribution and control of disease Incidence the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time Prevalence the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time A disease is endemic when it always occurs at low levels in a population A disease is an epidemic if it occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area A pandemic is when an epidemic has spread to include larger geographic areas Types of Infectious Disease Communicable transmitted from human to human either directly or indirectly Non communicable not transmitted directly from humans Reservoir is the source of an infectious agent Ex humans animals insects soil water Horizontal transmission an ID is transmitted directly from an infected person to a susceptible person Vertical transmission occurs from one generation to the next Fomites inanimate objects that are contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir Methods of Transmission Communicable Disease CD Direct transmission Direct physical contact ex sex Droplet spread ex coughing or sneezing Indirect transmission through an intermediary mechanism Contaminated food or water vectors fomites These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Must break transmission to eradicate or control CD 1 Immunization 2 Identify isolate treat 3 Controlling indirect transmission Controlling indirect transmission contaminated food or water chlorination of water supplies effective sewage treatment facilities standards laws for handling manufacturing and distributing commercially prepared foods eradication and or control of vectors Categories of Infectious Agents Prions viruses bacteria protozoa fungi helminths Prions An infectious agent composed only of protein Induces abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins in the brain Usually progress rapidly and are currently untreatable and fatal Prions are responsible for Creutzfeldt Jakob disease and Kuru disease Look up one of these diseases and give facts on what it does etc Viruses Core genetic material RNA or DNA enclosed in a capsid Does not independently grow metabolize or reproduce Carries out life processes by entering cells and redirecting energy materials and organelles metabolism activities Bacteria One celled organisms Small no nucleus or membranous organelles prokaryote Able to adapt and survive in a number of different environments Categorized by various characteristics shape arrangement gram stain reaction growth requirements Protozoa One celled organisms Eukaryotic contain nucleus and organelles Larger than bacteria with complex internal structures Classified as amoeboids flagellates ciliates and sporozoans Fungi Multi celled plant like organisms without chlorophyll 2 types yeasts and molds Reproductive structures are called spores Most are obligate aerobes opportunistic Natural habitat is our environment Can cause inflammation or hypersensitivity Can interfere with normal organ structure and function in humans Helminths Parasitic worms round and flat Well developed reproductive systems Complex life cycle Mostly found in tropical subtropical areas Soil borne transmission most common
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