HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 3 Chapter 3: Infectious DiseasesObjectives:-Define Infectious Disease (ID) and terminology related to the study of ID.-Discuss transmission, control of transmission, & treatment of ID.-Describe and compare the characteristics of various categories of infectious agents: prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and helminthes.-Define and discuss nosocomial infections.-Discuss antibiotic resistance and appropriate use of antibiotics.-Discuss re-emerging Infectious Disease.Terminology:-Epidemiology: the study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease.-Incidence: the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time.-Prevalence: the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time.-A disease is endemic when it always occurs at low levels in a population.-A disease is an epidemic if it occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area.-A pandemic is when an epidemic has spread to include larger geographic areas.-Types of Infectious Disease-Communicable: transmitted from human to human either directly or indirectly.-Non-communicable: not transmitted directly from humans.-Reservoir is the source of an infectious agent. Ex: humans, animals, insects, soil, water.-Horizontal transmission: an ID is transmitted directly from an infected person to a susceptible person.-Vertical transmission: occurs from one generation to the next.-Fomites: inanimate objects that are contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir.Methods of Transmission: Communicable Disease (CD):-Direct transmission:-Direct physical contact (ex: sex)-Droplet spread (ex: coughing or sneezing)-Indirect transmission through an intermediary mechanism-Contaminated food or water, vectors, fomites.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Must break transmission to eradicate or control CD.1. Immunization-2. Identify, isolate, treat.-3. Controlling indirect transmission.-Controlling indirect transmission.-contaminated food or water.-chlorination of water supplies.-effective sewage treatment facilities.-standards & laws for handling, manufacturing, and distributing commercially prepared foods.-eradication and/or control of vectors.Categories of Infectious Agents-Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, & helminths.Prions:-An infectious agent composed only of protein.-Induces abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins in the brain.-Usually progress rapidly and are currently untreatable and fatal.-Prions are responsible for: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Kuru disease. (Look up one of these diseases and give facts on what it does, etc).Viruses:-Core genetic material (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a capsid.-Does not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce.-Carries out life processes by entering cells and redirecting energy, materials, and organelles (metabolism activities).Bacteria:-One-celled organisms.-Small, no nucleus or membranous organelles (prokaryote).-Able to adapt and survive in a number of different environments.-Categorized by various characteristics: shape & arrangement, gram stain reaction, growth requirements.Protozoa:-One-celled organisms.-Eukaryotic (contain nucleus and organelles).-Larger than bacteria with complex internal structures.-Classified as amoeboids, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans.Fungi:-Multi-celled, plant-like organisms without chlorophyll.-2 types: yeasts and molds.-Reproductive structures are called spores.-Most are obligate aerobes, opportunistic.-Natural habitat is our environment.-Can cause inflammation or hypersensitivity.-Can interfere with normal organ structure and function in humans.Helminths:-Parasitic worms: round and flat.-Well developed reproductive systems.-Complex life cycle.-Mostly found in tropical, subtropical areas.-Soil-borne transmission most
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