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TAMU HLTH 335 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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Chapter 8:Structure and FunctionMain Function: To supply blood with oxygenAchieved through breathing Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxideDiagnosis of Respiratory DiseasePhysical ExaminationAuscultation (listening with stethoscope!)Percussion (tapping on the chest)  Vibrations and change in sound can give cluesSpirometryMeasures the air capacity of the lungsPeak Flow TestsMeasures the maximum force with which a patient can exhaleBronchial Challenge TestDetects and quantifies airway hypersensitivityPulse Oximetry Measures oxygen saturation in blood – NoninvasiveArterial Blood Gases (ABGS)Evaluate blood levels of O2 and CO2 and pH levelsRequires blood sample Sputum analysis• Biopsy and Imaging TestsBronchoscopyLaryngoscopyChest X-raysCT ScansMRI ScansRespiratory rateOne of the four vital signs, along with heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure.Respiratory rate is dependent on the level of CO2 in the blood.When the CO2 level is high, a person breathes more rapidly to expel the excess.If CO2 levels drop, the respiratory rate will also drop.Normal respiratory rates for different age groupsNewborns  30-60 respirations/minute1 year old  18-30 respirations/minute16 year old  16-20 respirations/minuteAdult  12-20 respirations/minuteCommon symptoms of respiratory diseaseBreathing irregularitiesDyspnea = labored breathingTachypnea = rapid breathingWheezingCoughsDry = non-productiveProductive = produces mucousHemoptysis = coughing bloodUpper respiratory diseasesCommon coldSinusitisNasal polypsSnoring and obstructive sleep apneaHay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitisInfluenzaThe common coldAn acute inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the upper respiratory tractHighly contagious – no known cureMore than 200 strains of viruses are capable of causing the common coldMetapneumovirus has recently been described as a major virus causing adult coldsInfants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems are at risk for severe consequences from a cold.Having had a cold provides no immunity to future colds.Coughing helps clear irritants or excessive mucus in the nasal and throat areasSometimes this abrupt flow of air races by at speeds approaching 200 mph.Secondary infections can occur.Infection may be treated with antibiotics when caused by bacteria, and therefore cold sufferers may be on antibiotics for a “cold.”Sinuses and SinusitisIn the US, ~ 1 person in 7 has sinus problems> billion dollars per year is spent on sinus problemsCaused by viruses, allergens, bacteriaEnvironmental conditions play a role: Barometric pressure, airplane flight, swimming or diving activities, tooth extraction, and perhaps stale or contaminated indoor air like in “sick building syndrome.”Treatmentdecongestants and antihistamines, antibiotics, surgeryLower respiratory diseasesChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)BronchitisAsthmaEmphysemaPneumoniaPleurisyPulmonary tuberculosisCancerCystic fibrosis *really is a disease of the pancreasChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)COPD includes a number of conditions in which the exchange of respiratory gasses is ineffectiveincludes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic asthma.Is commonly misdiagnosedSimilar to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5l-5obCkf24Signs & Symptoms: – DyspneaFrequent coughing WheezingTachypneaTightness in the chestCOPD has a clear cause and a clear path of preventionThe 3rd leading cause of deathApprox. 12 million people in the US and 52 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with COPDRisk factors include:Exposure to tobacco smoke, occupational dust and chemicalsgeneticsBronchial AsthmaCharacterized by hypersensitivity to various allergens like dust, mold, pollen, animal dander, and various foods80% of children with asthma and 50% of adult asthmatics have allergies.The allergens trigger constriction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi, narrowing the lumen of the tubes.The spasm is a sustained contraction of the musculature, making breathing, particularly expiration, very difficultA wheezing sound results from air passing through the narrowed tubes.Psychogenic factors, such as anxiety, are frequently associated with an asthma attack.A tense situation or an emotional experience can trigger an attack.Other non-allergic causes are overexertion, infection, bronchitis, and environmental irritantscigarette smoke, aerosol sprays, perfumeThere is no cure for asthma, but attacks may become less severe with age; important to identify triggers.Treatment and Prognosis of AsthmaMedication and allergy shots can reduce the incidence or severity of asthma attacks.To counteract an ongoing attack, substances that dilate the bronchi are effective.Ephedrine sprays and epinephrine (adrenalin) injectionsBronchodilators like albuterol and metaproterenolCortisone-like drugs and antihistamines are sometimes used, but these carry a risk of side effects.EmphysemaA crippling and debilitating (weakening) disease with chronic lung obstruction and destructionThe word emphysema means inflammation.The lungs become filled with air that is high in carbon dioxide.This air cannot be adequately exhaled to allow oxygen to enter.The person experiences a suffocating feeling and great distress from the inability to breathe. Severe pain accompanies the difficult breathing.The cause of emphysema is not known, but it is most frequently associated with heavy cigarette smoking.An inherited form has been identified also. Individuals with a deficiency in alpha-1- antitrypsin are prone to alveolar destruction characteristic of emphysema.Air pollution and long-term exposure to irritants of the respiratory tract also seem to be factors of its etiology.Living with COPDThere is hope for improving quality of life after being diagnosed with COPD.Exercise!Reduces flare-ups/episodesMay reduce need for medsAre programs available for help with exercise motivation and maintenancehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPg7h4N9XncConclusionLifestyle factors can influence respiratory healthAvoiding pathogens Viruses, bacteria, allergensAvoiding environmental irritants/pollutantsAerobic exercise to enhance respiratory function and structureTED TalkCharity Tillemann-Dick: Pulmonary Hypertensionhttp://www.ted.com/talks/charity_tilleman_dick_singing_after_a_double_lung_transplantA#llt-ri9gh2ts0re0s1er0veAbnormalities of Tooth DevelopmentTeeth: specialized


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TAMU HLTH 335 - Exam 3 Study Guide

Type: Study Guide
Pages: 22
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