Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 2 Immunity and Disease Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Chapter 2 Objectives Define immunity Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immunity Describe hypersensitivity Define autoimmunity and autoantibodies Discuss stress and immunity Discuss age and immunity Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells born with Fever these Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill not born with these body develops these skills Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Non Specific Defense and Innate Immunity Physical and chemical barriers Intact skin physical Skin produces secretions that tears sweat saliva oils contain chemicals that can destroy foreign invaders Phagocytosis leukocytes destroy infectious agents through phagocytosis cell eating they engulf and digest invading materials Natural Killer NK Cells leukocyte white blood cell One type of that works by recognizing abnormal membranes Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Non Specific Defense and Innate Immunity cont d Fever raise in body temperature stimulates phagocytosis fever our friend at low grades Increases metabolism inhibits multiplication of certain organisms are anti viral proteins that boost immunity interferons interferons They remain after viral infections in some cells stimulate the cells to resist infection They increase activity of NK cells They interfere with virus replication Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Inflammation Tissue Trauma Caused by Chemical Physical or Pathogenic Agents Trauma injury Allergens Foreign Substances Histamine Release Hyperemia Heat Dilation of Arterioles and Capillaries Movement of Neutrophils In and Out of Blood Vessels Monocytes clean up debris Phagocytosis Inflammatory Exudate produces fibrin Leukocytosis Increased Capillary Permeability Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Coagulation Blood Clotting Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Vascular changes that occur with inflammation Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Review Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Adaptive Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Acquired Immunity involves the lymphatic System Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Acquired Immunity Acquired immunity is the body s specific response to a specific pathogen acquired immunity results when passive a person receives protective substances example breast milk produced by another human or animal active acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent Immunizations and vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Cellular Cell Mediated Immunity Involves the production of T cells and natural killer NK cells These defense cells are They physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells cytotoxic poisonous to other living cells t lymphocytes come from the thymus Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Humoral Immunity Refers to the production of B lymphocytes also called B cells B cells respond to antigens by producing a protective protein an antibody Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen antibody complex It either targets the foreign substance for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells B lymphocytes come from bone marrow Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Interaction of Cell Mediated and Humoral Immunity Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Figure 2 6 After exposure to antigen secondary response begins sooner Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The Body s Defense Mechanisms Immune System Key Players Leukocytes Non Specific Innate Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Adaptive Acquired Immunity Lymphocytes Humoral