Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Immunity and Disease 2Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Chapter 2 Objectives • Define immunity • Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immunity • Describe hypersensitivity • Define autoimmunity and autoantibodies • Discuss stress and immunity • Discuss age and immunityCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses (Innate Immunity): Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses (Acquired Immunity): Cell-Mediated Humoral not born with these, body develops these skillsborn with theseCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Non-Specific Defense and Innate Immunity • Physical and chemical barriers • Intact skin (physical) • Skin produces secretions (_____________________) that contain chemicals that can destroy foreign invaders • Phagocytosis • leukocytes destroy infectious agents through phagocytosis (cell eating: they engulf and digest invading materials). • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: • One type of _________ that works by recognizing abnormal membranes tears, sweat, saliva, oils leukocyte (white blood cell)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Non-Specific Defense and Innate Immunity (cont’d) • Fever (raise in body temperature) stimulates phagocytosis • Increases metabolism, inhibits multiplication of certain organisms • ____________are anti-viral proteins that boost immunity • They remain after viral infections in some cells; stimulate the cells to resist infection • They increase activity of NK cells • They “interfere” with virus replication fever = our friend at low gradesinterferonsinterferonsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Inflammation Tissue Trauma Dilation of Arterioles, and Capillaries Histamine Release Increased Capillary Permeability Movement of Neutrophils In and Out of Blood Vessels Inflammatory Exudate (produces fibrin) Hyperemia –(Heat) Caused by Chemical, Physical, or Pathogenic Agents; Trauma (injury); Allergens; Foreign Substances Leukocytosis Coagulation (Blood-Clotting) Monocytes clean up debris (Phagocytosis)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Vascular changes that occur with inflammation.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Review: Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses (Innate Immunity): Barriers Phagocytosis (NK cells) Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses (Acquired/Adaptive Immunity): Cell-Mediated Humoral Acquired Immunity involves the __________System lymphaticCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Acquired Immunity • Acquired immunity is the body’s specific response to a specific pathogen. • _________ acquired immunity results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal. • ________ acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent. • Immunizations and vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity. passiveexample= breast milkactiveCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity • Involves the production of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. • These defense cells are _____________ • They physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells. cytotoxic (poisonous to other living cellst lymphocytes come from the thymusCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Humoral Immunity • Refers to the production of B lymphocytes, also called B cells • B cells respond to antigens by producing a protective protein, an antibody. • Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen–antibody complex. • It either targets the foreign substance for phagocytosis, or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells. B lymphocytes come from bone marrowCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Interaction of Cell-Mediated and Humoral ImmunityCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.