Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System 15Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Musculoskeletal System • Bones • Muscles • … JointsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Diseases of Bone • Types: – ____________________can enter bone through a compound fracture, transmission in the blood, or extension from an adjacent infection. – __________and ________ deficiencies prevent proper formation or maintenance of bone structure. – Bones atrophy with _______ and ________, or spontaneously in certain diseases. – ____________ can also develop in bone. Infectious Agents Mineral VitaminDisueFracturesTumorsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Infectious Diseases of Bone: Osteomyelitis • An ______________ of the bone, particularly of the bone marrow. – The _________ bones —the femur, the tibia, and the humerus—are most frequently affected near their ends at the growth plate, especially in children and adolescents. – Caused by ___________, such as staphylococci, that are carried by blood to the bone from some other site in the body Inflammation LongBacteriaCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Etiology and Symptoms of Osteomyelitis • Bacteria also can enter bone through the open wound of a compound fracture. • May lead to an abscess in the bone, causing bone necrosis. • In an attempt to heal, bone may be deposited around this area of necrosis. • Local symptoms: pain, redness, heat. • Systemic symptoms: chills, fever, leukocytosis, tachycardia, nausea, anorexia.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Figure 15-3: Three phases of bone infection.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Treatment of Osteomyelitis • Early _________________is effective treatment and has reduced the incidence of advanced serious cases. • _____________ may be required to remove necrotic bone tissue. Antibiotic therapy SurgeryCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Bone Disease: Vitamin & Mineral Deficiencies • Vitamins and minerals are critical to bone health. • ___________ and ______________ are required in appropriate quantities for proper bone formation and maintenance. • However, dietary calcium cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without _____________ • Mineral or vitamin D deficiencies may result in soft, malformed, or fragile bones. Calcium Phosphorous Vitamin DCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Rickets • A disease of infancy or early childhood in which the bones do not properly ossify, or harden • The bones of a child with rickets are soft and tend to bend. • The weight-bearing bones of the body become deformed; legs become bent.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Rickets (cont.) • Other symptoms: flaccid muscles, delayed teething, a characteristic potbelly. • Rickets can be prevented with vitamin D-fortified milk and sunlight. • Sunlight converts a substance (__________________) in the skin to vitamin D in the body. DehydrocholesterolCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Osteoporosis • Porous bone that is abnormally fragile and susceptible to fracture. • Weight-bearing bones of the vertebrae and pelvis are especially susceptible • accumulated compression fractures in these bones cause a decrease in height and bending of the spineCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Osteoporosis (cont.) • Compressed vertebrae may press on spinal nerves, causing great pain. • Fractures are common in the hip and wrists. No symptoms accompany bone loss until bones weaken and fractures occur. • _______of those affected by osteoporosis are women. Risk factors for osteoporosis include being female, advanced age, and having a small frame. 80%Because of the porous bone, the hip snaps and causes the fall.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Box 15-1: Risk Factors for OsteoporosisCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.