HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 17 Current Lecture Chapter 9 Diseases of the GI Tract Organs of the Digestive System Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder GB Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus There are 30 feet of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus 3 Main Functions Digesting Food Physical and chemical breakdown of large food into molecules glucose triglycerides amino acids Absorbing Nutrients From intestines Circulated through the body by cardiovascular system Eliminating Wastes Any food that cannot be digested or absorbed is expelled General Disorders of the Digestive Tract Vomiting Protective mechanism in response to presence of irritant infection or blockage often preceded by nausea Diarrhea fluid contents of the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine causing watery stools In an attack of diarrhea there is no reabsorption Constipation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute feces remain in the colon too long with excessive reabsorption of water Hemorrhoids Enlarged varicose veins in the lining of the rectum near the anus May be internal or external Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Embryologically face and palate formed by coalescence of cell masses that merge to form facial structures Maldevelopment leads to defects 1 per 500 700 births according to WHO 2010 Multifactorial pattern of inheritance Surgical correction cheiloplasty Cleft lip soon after birth Cleft palate 1 to 2 years of age followed by speech therapy to correct nasal speech Left untreated may lead to Ear disease Dental problems Improper speech development Eating problems Commonly treated in developed nations Less common in developing nations but many efforts exist Operation Smile http www operationsmile org Abnormalities of Tooth Development Teeth specialized structures that develop in tissues of the jaws Two sets o Temporary or deciduous teeth 20 teeth o Permanent teeth 32 teeth Missing teeth or extra teeth common abnormality Tetracycline caused problems o If administered to pregnant women during enamel formation of fetus will cause permanent yellow gray to brown discoloration of the crown of deciduous teeth o If administered to infant or child will cause permanent staining of crown of permanent teeth Safe to use after age 8 Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease Caries tooth decay latin word for dry rot Within the oral cavity diverse collection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria mix with saliva forming sticky film on teeth dental plaque Plaque action of bacteria result in tooth decay caries Dental cavity loss of tooth structure from bacterial action Gingivitis inflammation of the gum area near tooth due to masses of bacteria and debris accumulating around base of teeth Periodontal disease inflammation extends to tissues that support teeth forms small pockets of infection between teeth and gums Prevention proper mouth hygiene brushing flossing fluoride Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity Arises from squamous epithelium Lips cheek tongue palate back of throat Relatively common 22 000 new cases per year 6 7000 deaths per year o Cancers of head and neck region account for 5 of all cancers reported 30 of those occur in the oral cavity Treated by surgical resection and or radiation therapy Risk Factors Tobacco alcohol use varies by world region e g Betel nut commonly chewed nut in part India Asia Diseases of the Esophagus The function of the esophagus is the controlled passage of food to the stomach Esophageal disease manifests itself as dysphagia or difficult or painful swallowing Cancer of the esophagus o narrows the lumen causing dysphagia o may cause vomiting bad taste in mouth bad breath weight loss because of the inability to eat o spreads into adjacent organs and to remote sites through the lymph vessels frequently metastasizes before it is detected o Prognosis Poor Esophagitis Esophagitis inflammation of the esophagus causes burning chest pains known as heartburn which can resemble the pain of heart disease The pain may follow eating or drinking and some vomiting of blood may occur Most common cause is reflux a backflow of the acid contents of the stomach o caused by an incompetent cardiac sphincter which normally prevents stomach contents from ascending the esophagus o Treatment includes a nonirritating diet antacids and acid reducing medications o Frequent small meals are recommended alcohol should be avoided Tisone story o Left a bottle of pine sol on the table thought it was 7Up o Youngest son drank it o Most important thing is to NOT throw up so it doesn t burn the esophagus twice Carcinoma of the Stomach Manifestations o Vague upper abdominal discomfort o Iron deficiency anemia chronic blood loss from ulcerated surface of tumor Diagnosis biopsy by means of gastroscopy Treatment surgical resection of affected part surrounding tissue and lymph nodes Long term survival relatively poor often far advanced at time of diagnosis Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines Acute enteritis o Intestinal infections common of short duration o Nausea vomiting abdominal discomfort loose stools Chronic enteritis less common more difficult to treat Regional enteritis or Crohn s disease o Affects the distal ileum NOT the whole GI tract o Chronic inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall o Inflammation may be scattered with normal intervening areas or skip areas o Treatment drugs and possible surgical resection of affected part of bowel Colon Diverticulosis Diverticulitis Diverticulosis precedes Diverticulitis Diverticulosis outpouchings or diverticula of colonic mucosa through weak areas in the muscular wall of large intestine Low residue diet predisposes to condition as increased intraluminal pressure must be generated to propel stools through colon High fiber diet helps prevent this o Acquired u sually asymptomatic seen in older people o Common site sigmoid colon Diverticulitis inflammation incited by bits of fecal material trapped within outpouchings Complications inflammation perforation bleeding scarring abscess Treatment high fiber diet antibiotic for infection Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum Leading cause of death from cancer in the United States Symptoms vary according to the site of the malignancy o Change in bowel habits such as diarrhea or constipation o As tumor grows there may be abdominal discomfort and