HLTH 335 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 4 Lecture 1 January 22 Terminology Homeostasis when all cells tissues organs and systems work together to successfully maintain equilibrium Disease any state of disequilibrium a change in function or structure that is considered abnormal Pathology study of disease in general Pathologist a physician who studies interprets the changes caused by disease Etiology cause Pathogenesis Source or cause of disease together with its development Idiopathic the term used to describe diseases of unknown etiology Lesion usually at the root of most causes of diseases could be a damaged gene or enzyme or abnormal cells tissues or organs Prognosis the predicted course and outcome of the disease Acute quick onset short duration e g influenza measles and common cold Chronic a disease may begin insidiously and be long lived e g arthritis Terminal a disease that will end in death Terminology related to the stages of a disease Remission Exacerbation Relapse Complication Manifestations of Disease Signs objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination such as sweating Symptoms subjective indications of disease reported by the patient such as pain Principles of Diagnosis Diagnosis process of identifying a disease syndrome or disorder 1 Clinical history 5 parts 2 Physical examination 3 Differential diagnosis 5 parts 1 History of current illness 2 Patient s medical history 3 Family history 4 Social history 5 Review of symptoms signs Differential diagnosis consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient s symptoms and signs Major Causes of Disease Heredity Degenerative Nutritional Stress etc Risk Factor anything that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease not equivalent to a cause U S spends more on healthcare than any other nation 75 goes to treatment of chronic diseases Steps to promote healthy lives Be active eat wisely be tobacco free limit alcohol manage stress etc Healthy Aging steps Be active be mindful of medications keep vision sharp eliminate hazards in living space Treatment Specific treatment curative Directed at underlying cause Exerts a highly specific and favorable effect on the basic cause of disease e g antibiotic for bacterial infection in throat Symptomatic palliative treatment Alleviates symptoms but does not influence course of disease e g treatment of fever pain and cough Unfortunately some diseases have no specific treatment or cure Screening Tests Screening tests for detection of disease Detect early asymptomatic diseases amenable to treatment to prevent or minimize latestage organ damage Screening for genetic diseases To screen for carriers of some genetic diseases transmitted from parent to child as either dominant or recessive trait Identifying carriers allows affected persons to make decisions on future childbearing or management of current pregnancy Ex recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8 of the African American population Screening Tests Justification 1 A significant number of persons bust be at risk for the disease in the group being screened 2 A relatively inexpensive noninvasive test must be available to screen for the disease that does not yield a high number of false positive or false negative results 3 Early identification and treatment of the disease will favorably influence course of disease False positive When you don t have anything but the test says you do False negative When you do have a disease but the test doesn t show it This is an ethical issue Patients should have good reason before undergoing screenings Lecture 2 January 27 Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Non Specific Defense and Innate Immunity Physical and chemical barriers Intact skin physical Skin produces secretions tears sweat saliva oils that contain chemicals that can destroy foreign invaders Phagocytosis Leukocytes destroy infectious agents through phagocytosis Natural Killer NK Cells One type of leukocyte that works by recognizing abnormal membranes Interferons are anti viral proteins that boost immunity Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Acquired Immunity involves the lymphatic system Acquired Immunity Acquired immunity is the body s specific response to a specific pathogen Passive acquired immunity results when a person receives protective substances produces by another human or animal Active acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent Immunizations and vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity Cellular Immunity These defense cells are cytotoxic B lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow T lymphocytes are produced in thymus Hypersensitivity ALLERGY Diseases that occur as a result of immune response Types of hypersensitivity Type I immediate Type II cytotoxic Type III immune complex Type IV delayed Not in order of seriousness Type I Hypersensitivty Most common localized IgE binds to mast cells triggers histamine production Histamine triggers the inflammation process Antihistamines used for treatment Decongestant can help but won t stop process Type II Hypersensitivity Cytotoxic very serious IgM or IgG causes the destruction of cells Ex Response to an incompatible blood transfusion Body is opposed to blood aka deadly Type III Hypersensitivity Immune complex hypersensitivity Antigens combine with MANY antibodies forming a soluble mass immune complexes The complexes can deposit in tissues and vessels and trigger inflammation and tissue destruction Type IV Hypersensitivity Delayed hypersensitivity Ex Reactions to poison ivy oak Autoantibodies are those that attack the individual s own tissues Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Noncontagious inflammatory disease that takes one of two forms mild or severe Symptoms begin suddenly or insidiously May be fatal Lupus stats 1 5 million Americans affected More than 5 million worldwide 90 of lupus patients are women Diagnosis usually occurs between ages of 15 to 44 Age and the Immune System By middle age the thymus is only about 15 of