HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 2 Chapter 2 Immunity and Disease Objectives Define immunity Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immunity Describe hypersensitivity Define autoimmunity and autoantibodies Discuss stress and immunity Discuss age and immunity Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Non Specific Defense and Innate Immunity Physical and chemical barriers Intact skin physical Skin produces secretions tears sweat saliva oils that contain chemicals that can destroy foreign invaders Phagocytosis Leukocytes destroy infectious agents through phagocytosis cell eating they engulf and digest invading materials Natural Killer NK Cells One type of leukocyte that works by recognizing abnormal membranes Fever raise in body temperature stimulates phagocytosis Increases metabolism inhibits multiplication of certain organisms Interferons are anti viral proteins that boost immunity They remain after viral infections in some cells stimulate the cells to resist infection They increase activity of NK cells They interfere with virus replication Inflammation Tissue trauma is caused by chemical physical or pathogenic agents trauma injury allergens foreign substances These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Tissue trauma Histamine Release Hyperemia Heat Dilation of Arterioles and Capillaries Increased Capillary Permeability Hyperemia Heat Dilation of Arterioles Capillaries and Increased Capillary Permeability Movement of Neutrophils In and Out of Blood Vessels Leukocytosis Movement of Neutrophils In and Out of Blood Vessels Monocytes clean up debris phagocytosis Inflammatory Exudate produces fibrin Coagulation Blood Clotting Review Immunity The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents foreign cells and abnormal body cells Nonspecific Defenses Innate Immunity Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Defenses Acquired Immunity Cell Mediated Humoral Acquired Immunity involves the lymphatic system Acquired Immunity Acquired immunity is the body s specific response to a specific pathogen Passive acquired immunity results when a person receives protective substances produces by another human or animal Active acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent Immunizations and vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity Cellular Cell Mediated Immunity Involves the production of T cells and natural killer NK cells These defense cells are cytotoxic They physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells Humoral Immunity Refers to the production of B lymphycytes also called B cells B cells respond to antigens by producing a protective protein an antibody Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen antibody complex It either targets the foreign substance for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells The Body s Defense Mechanisms Immune System Non Specific Innate Barriers Phagocytosis NK cells Fever Interferon Inflammation Specific Adaptive Acquired Immunity Humoral Response B lymphocytes produced in bone marrow Cell Mediated Response cytotoxic T lymphocytes produced in thymus Hypersensitivity ALLERGY Diseases that occur as a result of immune response An extreme immune response to a harmless antigen a k a allergen Types of hypersensitivity Type I immediate Type II cytotoxic Type III immune complex Type IV delayed Not in order of seriousness Type I Hypersensitivty Most common Localized IgE binds to mast cells triggers histamine production Histamine triggers the inflammation process Antihistamines used for treatment Decongestant can help but won t stop process Type II Hypersensitivity Cytotoxic very serious IgM or IgG causes the destruction of cells Ex Response to an incompatible blood transfusion Body is opposed to blood aka deadly Type III Hypersensitivity Immune complex hypersensitivity Antigens combine with MANY antibodies forming a soluble mass immune complexes The complexes can deposit in tissues and vessels and trigger inflammation and tissue destruction Ex glomerulonephritis deposits in kidney after a strep infection Type IV Hypersensitivity Delayed hypersensitivity Take time after exposure to develop react Ex Reactions to poison ivy oak contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves Autoimmunity When the immune system attacks the body s own tissue Immune response normally recognizes the difference between the individual s own tissues and those of invaders this is known as tolerance Autoimmune diseases occur when individuals develop antibodies to their own tissues or selfantigens Autobodies are those that attack the individual s own tissues Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Noncontagious inflammatory disease that takes one of two forms mild or severe Symptoms begin suddenly or insidiously Rash and skin sensitivity to sunlight Joint and muscle pain with lymph node enlargement Severe deterioration of collagenous connective tissue Systematic treatment of symptoms May be fatal Lupus stats 1 5 million Americans affected More than 5 million worldwide 90 of lupus patients are women Diagnosis usually occurs between ages of 15 to 44 Stress and the Immune System Stress Increased production of epinephrine and norepinephrine Increased production of serum cortisol Decreases production numbers of lymphocytes inhibits lymphocyte maturation RESULT Decreased immunity Age and the Immune System By middle age the thymus is only about 15 of its maximum size The diversity of T lymphocytes is reduced with age Common problems include increased infection risk decreased ability to fight disease and autoimmune disorders Summary Two types of immunity to protect us from foreign invasion Nonspecific Innate Inflammation is the key player Specific Acquired Lymphatic System Humoral vs Cell Mediated Interaction of these produces memory and improved response later Immune Problems Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity Stress and Age are factors that affect immunity