Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 12 Diseases of the Endocrine System Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The Endocrine System Responsible for the production storage and secretion of hormones Major organs of the Endocrine System Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Adrenal glands Testes and ovaries Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Pituitary Gland Pea sized organ located at base of brain Produces 6 major hormones that are collectively known as Tropic hormones They control the function of other endocrine glands Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Thyroid Gland In the neck region 2 lobes 1 located on either side of the trachea Plays important role in regulating Regulating and Calcium balance Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Diseases of the Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism A result of below normal production of T4 the Deficiency principal thyroid hormone a hormone Risk Factors 50 being female over age having an autoimmune disorder having relatives with thyroid problems use of radioactive iodine pregnancy certain medications Sign Symptoms vary widely Unexplained weight gain dry skin hair loss swollen face hands legs ankles or feet increased sensitivity to cold muscles aches raspy voice fatigue slower thinking problems remembering things slower speech depression Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Hypothyroidism cont d Treatment Thyroid hormone replacement therapy Typically for rest of patient s life Hypothyroidism is NOT preventable Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Diseases of the Thyroid Gland cont d Hyperthyroidism A condition of excessive thyroid hormone Grave s disease Most common form Women than Men More common in Onset between 20 and 40 years of age Often associated with autoimmune diseases Family history stress and smoking are other risk factors Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Hyperthyroidism cont d Symptoms include enlargement of thyroid nervousness irritability heat intolerance increased sweating insomnia fatigue weight loss Can be life threatening Treatment Depend on severity etiology and presence of complications Medications radioactive iodine and surgery are possibilities Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The Pancreas Two glands in one Exocrine gland Endocrine gland Endocrine glands discharge secretions directly into blood stream Exocrine glands discharge secretions through a duct onto a mucosal surface Pancreas cont d Exocrine function exocrine tissue of the pancreas Concerned solely with digestion Secretes alkaline pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct to aid digestion Pancreas cont d Endocrine function endocrine tissue of the pancreas Consists of multiple small clusters of cells scattered throughout the gland as pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans Discharge secretions directly into the bloodstream Each islet is composed of different types of cells Glucagon Alpha cells secrete raise blood glucose Insulin Beta cells secrete lower blood glucose Somatostatin Delta cells secrete inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin Chronic Pancreatitis Repeated episodes of mild inflammation of pancreas Each bout destroys some pancreatic tissue Inflammation subsides and damaged pancreatic tissue is replaced by scar tissue leading to progressive destruction of pancreatic tissue Manifestations Difficulty digesting and absorbing nutrients Not enough surviving pancreatic tissue to produce adequate enzymes Destruction of pancreatic islets may lead to diabetes Diagnosis Blood levels of lipase amylase Acute Pancreatitis Pathogenesis Escape of pancreatic juice from the ducts into the pancreatic tissue Pancreatic digestive enzymes cause destruction and severe hemorrhage Resulting build up of pancreatic juice increases pressure within the duct system causing ducts to rupture Acute Pancreatitis cont d Predisposing factors Gallbladder disease gallbladder stones 45 Common bile duct and common pancreatic duct enter the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater Impacted stone in ampulla obstructs pancreatic duct Excessive alcohol consumption 35 Potent stimulus for pancreatic secretions Induces edema spasm of pancreatic sphincter in ampulla of Vater Result in high intraductal pressure duct necrosis and escape of pancreatic juice Other 20 meds hereditary trauma chronic pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis cont d Clinical manifestations Severe abdominal pain Usually soon after eating drinking Fever Vomiting High mortality rate 10 30 Cystic Fibrosis Serious hereditary disease autosomal recessive trait Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Mutation of a normal gene CFTR gene on long arm of chromosome 7 Manifests in infancy and childhood 3 000 Incidence in whites 1 in Incidence in blacks and other races much lower rare Mortality more than 50 die before age 32 Pathogenesis Defective transport of chloride sodium and H2O across cell membrane Deficient electrolyte and H2O in the mucus secreted by the pancreas bile ducts respiratory tract