HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 4 Chapter 4 Cancer The Enemy Within http www worldcancerday org understanding cancer enemy within documentary Watch video before test Today s Objectives Define neoplasia and related terminology Describe differences between benign and malignant tumors and classification of cancers Explain the biology of human cancer and the role of oncogenes tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes Discuss etiology of cancer Describe the current treatments of the most common cancers Discuss warning signs of cancer Neoplasia Uncontrolled growth of cells Neoplasm a mass of cells that grow more rapidly than normal cells Benign noncancerous Malignant consists of rapidly dividing cells that accumulate uncontrollably and invade normal tissue and have the ability to metastasize generate independent tumors at distant sites There are over 100 types and subtypes of malignancies a k a cancers Characteristics of Benign Tumors Grow slowly Remain localized Do not metastasize or recur following surgery Well differentiated cells that resemble the tissue from which it grew May push on other tissues but does not invade Characteristics of Malignant Tumors Grow rapidly Metastasize by bloodstream or lymphatic channels leading to establishment of secondary sites of tumor growth Poorly differentiated cells Infiltrate invade surrounding tissues These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Classification Nomenclature of Cancers By the type of cell it originates in Carcinoma epithelial cells Sarcoma connective tissue Mixed Cancer epithelial and connective tissue Lymphoma lymphoid tissue Leukemia white blood cells Melanoma melanin There are various exceptions e g adenosarcoma originates in epithelial cells Cancer Statistics Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and afflicts two of every three families Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to continue to rise according to WHO estimated 9 million deaths projected for 2015 estimated 11 4 million deaths for 2030 In the United States approximately 1 of every 2 men and 1 of every 3 women will be diagnosed with an invasive cancer in their lifetime How Cancer Begins Transofrmation 1 Initiation 2 Promotion 3 Progression Change in genetic material mutation prepares the cell to become cancerous Biology of Carcinogenesis Oncogenes When mutated or expressed at abnormally high levels contribute to conversion of normal cells to cancer cells by interfering with cell growth regulation and apoptosis Over 100 oncogenes have been identified Tumor suppressor genes TSG If inactivated or deleted cancer progression more likely due to a loss of normal TSG function DNA repair genes a k a caretaker genes Normally repair DNA replication errors when supply is lowered cancer progression more likely Important note Although a specific genetic mutation might be identified the cause of that mutation may still be unknown Etiology of Cancer Types of research to understand cancer etiology In vitro laboratory Epidemiology population based studies Endogenous internal factors Environmental external factors Endogenous factors Genetic makeup including sex race heredity hormones and immunity age Non modifiable Environmental factors Tobacco industrial chemicals radiation diet alcohol and medicinal carcinogens modifiable the top 3 are among the most significant environmental carcinogens Know that inheritance of Fanconi s anemia is associated with leukemia Non specific Warning Signs of Cancer 1 Change in bowel or bladder habits 2 A sore that does not heal 3 Unusual bleeding or discharge 4 A thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere 5 Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing 6 An obvious change in wart or mole 7 A nagging cough or hoarseness Know what CAUTION stands for in own words Traditional Cancer Treatments Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Combination targeted and personalized Alternative or Complementary Cancer Treatments Diet exercise Herbs Food Science Angiogenesis Angiogenesis and Cancer http www ted com talks william li html Watch this video for the test
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