Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Disease Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Today s Objectives Define disease and disease related terminology Discuss principles of diagnosis Identify major causes of disease Identify risk factors related to disease Describe how health promotion disease prevention reduce the burden of disease Discuss treatment of diseases Discuss screening procedures Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Disease Terminology Homeostasis when all cells tissues organs and systems work together to successfully maintain equilibrium Disease any state of disequilibrium a change in function or structure that is considered abnormal Pathology study of disease in general Pathologist a physician who studies interprets the changes caused by disease Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Manifestations of Disease Signs objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate fever sweating and pallor Symptoms subjective indications of disease reported by the patient such as pain dizziness and itching Syndrome When certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently and suggest the presence of disease Disorder A functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Diagnosis Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Principles of Diagnosis Diagnosis process of identifying a disease syndrome or disorder 1 Clinical history 5 parts 2 Physical examination 3 Differential diagnosis Systematic process of elimination Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The 5 Parts of Clinical History 1 History of current illness 1 Severity time of onset and character of patient s symptoms 2 Patient s Medical history 1 Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems 3 Family history 1 Health of patient s parents and family members diseases that run in families Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The 5 Parts of Clinical History cont d 4 Social history Patient s occupation lifestyle behaviors habits alcohol and tobacco consumption etc general health current problems Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved The 5 Parts of Clinical History cont d 5 Review of symptoms signs 1 Eliciting additional information about symptoms other than those disclosed in history of present illness e g not sleeping well at night Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Physical Examination Physical examination Systematic examination of patient with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Differential Diagnosis Differential diagnosis Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient s symptoms and signs E g shortness of breath could be heart problem not just lung problem Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic procedures Opinion of medical consultant specialist may be sought Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Causes of Disease Terminology Etiology Cause Pathogenesis Source or cause of disease together with its development Idiopathic the term used to describe diseases of unknown etiology Lesion usually at the root of most causes of disease could be a damaged gene or enzyme or abnormal cells tissues or organs Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Major Causes of Disease Inflammatory autoimmune and allergic disorders Infection bacterial viral parasitic Neoplastic Heredity Congenital Traumatic due to environmental factors Degenerative Nutritional Stress Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Risk Factors for Disease Risk Factor anything that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease Not equivalent to a cause Types of Risk Factors Environmental Chemical Physiological Psychological Genetic Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All