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TAMU HLTH 335 - HLTH 335 ppt Ch 1 SPRING 2015- STUDENT VERSION

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Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Introduction to Disease 1Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Today’s Objectives • Define disease and disease-related terminology • Discuss principles of diagnosis • Identify major causes of disease • Identify risk factors related to disease • Describe how health promotion & disease prevention reduce the burden of disease • Discuss treatment of diseases • Discuss screening proceduresCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Disease Terminology • Homeostasis – when all cells, tissues, organs, and systems work together to successfully maintain equilibrium • Disease – any state of disequilibrium; a change in function or structure that is considered abnormal. • Pathology – study of disease in general • Pathologist – a physician who studies & interprets the changes caused by diseaseCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Manifestations of Disease • Signs • objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, sweating, and pallor • Symptoms • subjective indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching. • Syndrome • When certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently and suggest the presence of disease • Disorder • A functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormalityCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill DiagnosisCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Principles of Diagnosis • Diagnosis: process of identifying a disease, syndrome or disorder 1. Clinical history 5 parts! 2. Physical examination 3. Differential diagnosis Systematic process of eliminationCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill The 5 Parts of Clinical History 1) History of current illness 1) Severity, time of onset, and character of patient’s symptoms 2) Patient’s Medical history 1) Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems 3) Family history 1) Health of patient’s parents and family members; diseases that run in familiesCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill The 5 Parts of Clinical History (cont’d) 4) Social history Patient’s occupation, lifestyle behaviors (habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, etc.), general health, current problemsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill The 5 Parts of Clinical History (cont’d) 5) Review of symptoms/signs 1) Eliciting additional information about symptoms other than those disclosed in history of present illness (e.g., not sleeping well at night)Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Physical Examination • Physical examination – Systematic examination of patient, with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness – Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical historyCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Differential Diagnosis • Differential diagnosis – Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient’s symptoms and signs  E.g., shortness of breath could be heart problem, not just lung problem – Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic procedures – Opinion of medical consultant/specialist may be soughtCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Causes of Disease - Terminology • Etiology = Cause • Pathogenesis = Source or cause of disease, together with its development • Idiopathic = the term used to describe diseases of unknown etiology • Lesion =usually at the root of most causes of disease; could be a damaged gene or enzyme, or abnormal cells, tissues, or organs.Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Major Causes of Disease • Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic disorders • Infection (bacterial, viral, parasitic) • Neoplastic • Heredity • Congenital • Traumatic (due to environmental factors) • Degenerative • Nutritional •


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TAMU HLTH 335 - HLTH 335 ppt Ch 1 SPRING 2015- STUDENT VERSION

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