Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Cancer HLTH 335 4Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill “The Enemy Within” • http://www.worldcancerday.org/understanding-cancer-enemy-within-documentary Combination Therapy Politics Clinical trials Survivors Prevention Palliative care Personalized medicine Targeted therapy Surgery Genetics Imaging Radiotherapy People powerCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Today’s Objectives • Define neoplasia and related terminology • Describe differences between benign and malignant tumors, and classification of cancers • Explain the biology of human cancer and the role of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes • Discuss etiology of cancer • Describe the current treatments of the most common cancers • Discuss warning signs of cancerCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Neoplasia • Uncontrolled growth of cells • Neoplasm: a mass of cells that grow more rapidly than normal cells – Benign - noncancerous – Malignant - consists of rapidly dividing cells that accumulate uncontrollably and invade normal tissue and have the ability to metastasize (generate independent tumors at distant sites) There are over ______types and subtypes of malignancies, a.k.a. cancersCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Characteristics of Benign Tumors • Grow slowly • Remain ____________: Do not metastasize or recur following surgery • Well-differentiated cells that resemble the tissue from which it grew • May “push” on other tissues, but does not __________ 100localizedinvadeCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Characteristics of Malignant Tumors • Grow rapidly • ________________ by bloodstream or lymphatic channels, leading to establishment of secondary sites of tumor growth • _________ differentiated cells • Infiltrate (invade) surrounding tissues metabolizeCrowley, L. 2010. An Introduction to Human Disease. 8th Ed. Jones & Bartlett: Sudbury, MA. poorlyCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Classification & Nomenclature of Cancers By type of cell it originates in….. • Carcinoma – epithelial cells • Sarcoma – connective tissue • Mixed Cancer – epithelial and connective tissue • Lymphoma – Lymphoid tissue • Leukemia – white blood cells • Melanoma – melanin There are various exceptions, e.g. _______________ originates in ________ cellsCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Cancer Statistics • Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and afflicts two of every three families. • Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to continue to rise; according to WHO: – estimated ___________deaths projected for 2015 – estimated ___________deaths for 2030 • In the United States, approximately: – 1 of every _____ men, and – 1of every _____ women – …. will be diagnosed with an invasive cancer in their lifetime. 9 million11.4 million23Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill 4 factors that regulate cell growth: Apoptosis Cyclins Growth Inhibitors Growth Factors Regulators normalkeep eachother in checkcell cycle proteinsprogramed cell deathCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Biology of Carcinogenesis: How Cancer Begins Transformation 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression Change in genetic material (___________) prepares the cell to become cancerous Mutations in 3 classes of genes are responsible for the development of cancer: Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes DNA repair genes mutationCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill Biology of Carcinogenesis (cont’d) • Oncogenes – When mutated or expressed at abnormally high levels contribute to conversion of normal cells to cancer cells, by interfering with __________________and ______________. – Over ______ oncogenes have been identified. • Tumor suppressor genes (TSG) – If inactivated or deleted, cancer progression more likely, due to a loss of normal TSG function. • DNA repair genes (a.k.a. “__________” genes) – Normally repair DNA replication errors; when supply is lowered, cancer progression more likely cell growth regulationapoptosis100caretakerCopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition Mark Zelman,
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