Human Diseases A Systemic Approach CHAPTER 15 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Musculoskeletal System Bones Muscles Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Diseases of Bone Types can enter bone through a compound fracture transmission in the blood or extension from an adjacent infection and deficiencies prevent proper formation or maintenance of bone structure Bones atrophy with and or spontaneously in certain diseases can also develop in bone Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Infectious Diseases of Bone Osteomyelitis An of the bone particularly of the bone marrow The bones the femur the tibia and the humerus are most frequently affected near their ends at the growth plate especially in children and adolescents Caused by such as staphylococci that are carried by blood to the bone from some other site in the body Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Etiology and Symptoms of Osteomyelitis Bacteria also can enter bone through the open wound of a compound fracture May lead to an abscess in the bone causing bone necrosis In an attempt to heal bone may be deposited around this area of necrosis Local symptoms pain redness heat Systemic symptoms chills fever leukocytosis tachycardia nausea anorexia Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Figure 15 3 Three phases of bone infection Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Treatment of Osteomyelitis Early is effective treatment and has reduced the incidence of advanced serious cases may be required to remove necrotic bone tissue Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Bone Disease Vitamin Mineral Deficiencies Vitamins and minerals are critical to bone health and are required in appropriate quantities for proper bone formation and maintenance However dietary calcium cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without Mineral or vitamin D deficiencies may result in soft malformed or fragile bones Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Rickets A disease of infancy or early childhood in which the bones do not properly ossify or harden The bones of a child with rickets are soft and tend to bend The weight bearing bones of the body become deformed legs become bent Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Rickets cont Other symptoms flaccid muscles delayed teething a characteristic potbelly Rickets can be prevented with vitamin D fortified milk and sunlight Sunlight converts a substance in the skin to vitamin D in the body Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Osteoporosis Porous bone that is abnormally fragile and susceptible to fracture Weight bearing bones of the vertebrae and pelvis are especially susceptible accumulated compression fractures in these bones cause a decrease in height and bending of the spine Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Osteoporosis cont Compressed vertebrae may press on spinal nerves causing great pain Fractures are common in the hip and wrists No symptoms accompany bone loss until bones weaken and fractures occur of those affected by osteoporosis are women Risk factors for osteoporosis include being female advanced age and having a small frame Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Box 15 1 Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Osteoporosis cont d Patient history and bone density tests aid diagnosis No cure exists so prevention is strongly recommended A lifelong diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and weight bearing exercise will stimulate the development of dense and strong bone Smoking and excessive alcohol should be avoided Treatment options include and other hormones Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Seventh Edition Mark Zelman Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond Paul Holdaway and Mary Lou Mulvihill Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Vertebral Column Abnormalities Vertebral column deformities may be caused by tuberculosis malnourishment trauma and various congenital defects Scoliosis is abnormal lateral curvatures Occurs to varying degrees of severity and is usually first identified during childhood It may have a muscular