HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 1 Human Diseases Today s Objectives Define disease and disease related terminology Discuss principles of diagnosis Identify major causes of disease Identify risk factors related to disease Describe how health promotion disease prevention reduce the burden of disease Discuss treatment of diseases Discuss screening procedures Disease Terminology Homeostasis when all cells tissues organs and systems work together to successfully maintain equilibrium Disease any state of disequilibrium a change in function or structure that is considered abnormal Pathology study of disease in general Pathologist a physician who studies interprets the changes caused by disease Manifestations of Disease Signs objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate fever sweating and pallor Symptoms subjective indications of disease reported by the patient such as pain dizziness and itching Syndrome when certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently and suggest the presence of disease Disorder a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality Principles of Diagnosis Diagnosis process of identifying a disease syndrome or disorder 1 Clinical history 5 parts 2 Physical Examination 3 Differential diagnosis systematic process of elimination The 5 Parts of Clinical History 1 History of current illness These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Severity time of onset and character of patient s symptoms 2 Patient s Medical history Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems 3 Family history Health of patient s parents and family members diseases that run in families 4 Social history Patient s occupation lifestyle behaviors habits alcohol tobacco consumption etc general health current problems 5 Review of symptoms signs Eliciting additional information about symptoms other than those disclosed in history of present illness e g not sleeping well at night Physical Examination Physical examination Systematic examination of patient with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient s symptoms and signs Ex shortness of breath could be heart problem not just lung problem Diagnosis possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic procedures Opinion of medical consultant specialist may be sought Causes of Disease Terminology Etiology Cause Pathogenesis Source or cause of disease together with its development Idiopathic the term used to describe diseases of unknown etiology Lesion usually at the root of most causes of diseases could be a damaged gene or enzyme or abnormal cells tissues or organs Majors Causes of Disease Inflammatory autoimmune and allergic disorders Infection bacterial viral and parasitic Neoplastic Heredity Congenital Traumatic due to environmental factors Degenerative Nutritional Stress Risk Factors for Disease Risk Factor anything that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease Not equivalent to a cause Types of Risk Factors Environmental Chemical Physiological Psychological Genetic More Disease Related Terminology Prognosis the predicted course and outcome of the disease State the chances for complete recovery Predict the permanent loss of function Probability of survival Acute Quick onset short duration e g influenza measles and the common cold Chronic A disease may begin insidiously and be long lived e g arthritis hypertension Terminal A disease that will end in death Terminology related to the stages of a disease Remission signs and symptoms subside Exacerbation signs and symptoms recur in all severity Relapse signs and symptoms return weeks or months later Complication a related disease or other abnormal state that develops in one already suffering from a disease Health Promotion Disease Prevention The function of protecting and developing health must rank even above that of restoring it when it is impaired The U S spends more on healthcare than any other nation 75 goes to treatment of chronic diseases Investing in prevention would yield a significant reduction in disease and health care costs Steps to promote healthy lives By physically active Eat wisely Maintain healthy weight Be tobacco free Limit alcohol Get recommended screening tests and immunizations Manage stress Healthy Aging Steps In addition to those in previous slide Fall prevention be physically active be mindful of medications keep vision sharp and eliminate hazards in living space Treatment of Disease Includes procedures for the cure or reduction of symptoms Depends on the nature of the disease characteristics of the patient and goals of the patient and physician Not all diseases are curable Treatment Specific treatment curative Directed at underlying cause Exerts a highly specific and favorable effect on the basic cause of disease e g antibiotic for bacterial infection in throat Symptomatic palliative treatment Alleviates symptoms but does not influence course of disease e g treatment of fever pain and cough Unfortunately some diseases have no specific treatment or cure Screening Tests Screening tests for detection of disease Detect early asymptomatic diseases amenable to treatment to prevent or minimize latestage organ damage Screening for genetic diseases To screen for carriers of some genetic diseases transmitted from parent to child as either dominant or recessive trait Identifying carriers allows affected persons to make decisions on future childbearing or management of current pregnancy Ex recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8 of the African American population Screening Tests Justification 1 A significant number of persons bust be at risk for the disease in the group being screened 2 A relatively inexpensive noninvasive test must be available to screen for the disease that does not yield a high number of false positive or false negative results 3 Early identification and treatment of the disease will favorably influence course of disease False positive When you don t have anything but the test says you do False negative When you do have a disease but the test doesn t show it This is an ethical issue Patients should have good