Alcohol: Behavioral Effects Chapter 8How Serious Is Alcohol Consumption?PowerPoint PresentationHow Serious Is Alcohol Consumption? (continued)Slide 5Current, binge, and heavy alcohol use among persons aged 12 or older, by ageSlide 7Driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year among persons aged 16 or olderSlide 9Major Historical Influences of Alcohol Use and ProductionColonial America (late 1700s – 1800s) Slave Trade TriangleTemperance Movement (1830 – 1850)Temperance Movement (Con’t)Prohibition Era (1920 – 1933)Prohibition Era (Con’t)Defining AlcoholismDefining AlcoholismThe AlcoholicFive Types of Alcoholics NIHFive Types of Alcoholics (Con’t)Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Common Types of Treatments for AlcoholismWithdrawalGuidelines for Alcoholism Recovery ProgramsGuidelines for Alcoholism Recovery Programs (Con’t)Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Alcohol Abuse Among College and University Students (2009 – 2010 academic year)Alcohol Abuse Among College and University Students (Con’t)Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Women and AlcoholWomen and Alcohol (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)Prevalence of reported frequent alcohol consumption among childbearing-aged women (18-44 years)Alcohol Consumption in the U.S.Additional Facts Regarding Alcohol Use/AbuseAlcohol and the FamilyAlcohol and the Family (continued)Alcohol:Behavioral EffectsChapter 8How Serious Is Alcohol Consumption?•Approximately 50% (126 million) of Americans are past month alcohol drinkers (known as current drinkers).•Approximately 23% (55 million) of Americans binge drink and 6.6% (16 million) reported heavy drinking (2 drinks per day).© AbleStockHow Serious Is Alcohol Consumption? (continued)•Alcohol use (Age 12 or older): -56.5% of whites-47.3% of persons reporting two or more races-42.6% of Hispanics-42.4% of American Indians or Alaska Natives-40.8% of blacks-38.1% of Asians-37.3% of Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific IslandersHow Serious Is Alcohol Consumption? (continued)•Estimated spending for healthcare services for alcohol problems and medical consequences of alcohol: $18.8 billion.•Alcohol is officially linked to at least half of all highway fatalities.•To date, alcohol has been tried by 41% of 8th graders, 63% of 10th graders, 75% of 12th graders, and 87% of college students.Current, binge, and heavy alcohol use among persons aged 12 or older, by ageHow Serious Is Alcohol Consumption? (continued)-Use of alcohol to the point of inebriation: 20% of 8th graders, 42% of 10th graders, and 58% of 12th graders.-Self reported drunkenness 30 days prior to being surveyed: 6% of 8th, 18%, of 10th and 30% of 12th graders.Driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year among persons aged 16 or olderMajor Historical Influences of Alcohol Use and Production•Colonial America (late 1700s – 1800s)•Temperance Movement (1830 – 1850)•Prohibition Era (1920 – 1933)Colonial America (late 1700s – 1800s)Slave Trade TriangleTemperance Movement (1830 – 1850)•As the Civil War approached, there was increasing poverty and the highest use of alcohol in American history•This movement did not begin with the goal to stop drinking, but to encourage moderation•Spiritual leaders got involved and emphasized total abstinenceTemperance Movement (Con’t)•Frederick Douglass stated “it was as well to be a slave to master, as to whisky and rum”•This movement was a key to Prohibition in the United StatesProhibition Era (1920 – 1933)•During this time the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol were banned nationally as mandated in the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1/17/1920)•The federal government “looked over” many establishments distributing alcohol-Speakeasy clubs-Bootlegging-Patent medicinesProhibition Era (Con’t)•Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity•On December 5, 1933 the 18th Amendment was repealed (President Franklin Roosevelt vetoed the Amendment)•The federal law still prohibits the manufacture of alcohol without meeting number licensing requirementsDefining Alcoholism•There is no agreement regarding at what specific point someone is an alcoholic.•Alcoholism is a state of physical and psychological addiction to a psychoactive substance known as ethanol.•Most definitions include chronic behavioral disorders, repeated drinking to the point of loss of control, health disorders, and difficulty functioning socially and economically.Defining Alcoholism World Health Organization (WHO) definition:•“Alcohol dependence syndrome is characterized by a state, psychic and usually also physical, resulting from drinking alcohol. This state is characterized by behavioral and other responses that include a compulsion to take alcohol on a continuous or periodic basis to experience its psychic effects and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence; tolerance may or may not be present”.© CorbisThe AlcoholicFive Types of AlcoholicsNIH•The young adult subtype accounts for about 32% of U.S. alcoholics. They're young adults who rarely seek help for alcohol dependence. About 24 years old, they became alcoholics by age 20, on average. They drink less frequently than other alcoholics, but they tend to binge drink when they drink. This is the largest subtype.Five Types of Alcoholics (Con’t)•The young antisocial subtype comprises 21% of U.S. alcoholics. They are 26 years old, on average. More than half have antisocial personality disorder. They tended to start drinking at 15 and became alcoholics by 18 -- earlier than other subtypes. They are more likely to smoke tobacco and pot. The young antisocial subtype and the young adult subtype don't overlap.Five Types of Alcoholics (Con’t)•The functional subtype accounts for about 19% of U.S. alcoholics. They're generally middle-aged, working adults who tend to have stable relationships, more education, and higher incomes than other alcoholics. They tend to drink every other day, often consuming five or more drinks on drinking days.Five Types of Alcoholics (Con’t)•The intermediate familial subtype makes up nearly 19% of U.S. alcoholics. Nearly half