HLTH 335 1st Edition Lecture 4 Nosocomial Infections Also called hospital acquired infections The principal routes of transmission Direct contact between healthcare staff to patient Indirect contact through fomites and hospital s ventilation system Most are bacterial in nature Catheters are most common fomite Staph is 1 1 7 million patients in U S contract nosocomial infection each year 99 000 die as a result Top 3 nosocomial infections UTI s site of surgery in lungs Extra Credit Find out what the current stat is on how many people contract nosocomial infections each year Antibiotic Treatment of Bacterial Infections One of the great discoveries and advances in medicine Specific antibiotics target specific bacteria Four principal mechanisms of action Antibiotics Mechanisms of Action Inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall and cell membrane Ex penicillin family Inhibit synthesis of microbial proteins Ex tetracycline Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis Ex ciprofloxacin Competitive inhibition Some antibiotics confuse the bacteria because they resemble required components for growth Extra Credit What kind of example works for competitive inhibition Antibiotic Resistance Antiobiotic resistance in humans occurs because of 1 Over prescribing or inappropriate prescribing 2 Overuse as feed supplement for livestock 3 Improper use compliance by patient 4 Spread of resistant strains of bacteria worldwide Antiviral Treatment Nucleic acid analogues mimic correct DNA or RNA bases Interfere with assembly of new virus particles within the cell or interfere with the attachment of viruses to host cells Reduces the number or viruses reproduced These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Antifungal Treatment Target cells walls and membranes Affect human cells therefore may be toxic to humans Antiprotozoals Interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism But resistant microorganisms evolve rendering existing treatments useless Re emerging Infectious Disease Known infectious disease that re appear after a significant decline in incidence or a perceived eradication Causes Environmental Changes in climate natural disasters Societal Behavioral urbanization crowding poverty globalization rapid world travel Political disruption of government structures war civil unrest Summary We defined ID and related terminology We discussed transmission control of transmission and treatment of ID We discussed various categories of infectious agents and their characteristics prions viruses bacteria protozoa fungi and helminthes We defined and discussed nosocomial infections We discussed antibiotic resistance and appropriate use of antibiotics We defined and discussed general causes of re emerging ID
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