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CMU CS 15213 - lecture

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Carnegie MellonIntroduction to Computer Systems15‐213, fall 200920thLecture, Nov. 4thInstructors:Majd Sakr and Khaled HarrasCarnegie MellonToday Internetworking Networks Global IP InternetCarnegie MellonA Client‐Server TransactionClientprocessServerprocess1. Client sends request2. Server handlesrequest3. Server sends response4. Client handlesresponseResource Most network applications are based on the client‐server model: A server process and one or more client processes Server manages some resource Server provides service by manipulating resource for clients Server activated by request from client (vending machine analogy)Note: clients and servers are processes running on hosts (can be the same or different hosts)Carnegie MellonHardware Organization of a Network HostmainmemoryI/O bridgeMIALUregister fileCPU chipsystem busmemory busdisk controllergraphicsadapterUSBcontrollermouse keyboard monitordiskI/O busExpansion slotsnetworkadapternetworkCarnegie MellonComputer Networks A network is a hierarchical system of boxes and wires organized by geographical proximity SAN (System Area Network) spans cluster or machine room Switched Ethernet, Quadrics QSW, … LAN (Local Area Network) spans a building or campus Ethernet is most prominent example WAN (Wide Area Network) spans country or world Typically high‐speed point‐to‐point phone lines An internetwork (internet) is an interconnected set of networks The Global IP Internet (uppercase “I”) is the most famous example of an internet (lowercase “i”) Let’s see how an internet is built from the ground upCarnegie MellonLowest Level: Ethernet Segment Ethernet segment consists of a collection of hosts connected by wires (twisted pairs) to a hub Spans room or floor in a building Operation Each Ethernet adapter has a unique 48‐bit address (MAC address) Hosts send bits to any other host in chunks called framesHub slavishly copies each bit from each port to every other port Every host sees every bit Note: Hubs are on their way out. Bridges (switches, routers) became cheap enough to replace them (means no more broadcasting)host host hosthub100 Mb/s100 Mb/sportCarnegie MellonNext Level: Bridged Ethernet Segment Spans building or campus Bridges cleverly learn which hosts are reachable from which ports and then selectively copy frames from port to porthosthost host host hosthub hubbridge100 Mb/s 100 Mb/shosthosthub100 Mb/s 100 Mb/s1 Gb/shosthost hostbridgehosthosthubABCXYCarnegie MellonConceptual View of LANs For simplicity, hubs, bridges, and wires are often shown as a collection of hosts attached to a single wire:host host host...Carnegie MellonNext Level: internets Multiple incompatible LANs can be physically connected by specialized computers called routers The connected networks are called an internethost host host...host host host...WAN WANLAN 1 and LAN 2 might be completely different, totally incompatible (e.g., Ethernet and Wifi, 802.11*, T1‐links, DSL, …)router router routerLANLANCarnegie MellonLogical Structure of an internet Ad hoc interconnection of networks No particular topology Vastly different router & link capacities Send packets from source to destination by hopping through networks Router forms bridge from one network to another Different packets may take different routesrouterrouterrouterrouterrouterrouterhosthostCarnegie MellonThe Notion of an internet Protocol How is it possible to send bits across incompatible LANs and WANs? Solution:  protocol software running on each host and router  smooths out the differences between the different networks Implements an internet protocol (i.e., set of rules) governs how hosts and routers should cooperate when they transfer data from network to network TCP/IP is the protocol for the global IP InternetCarnegie MellonWhat Does an internet Protocol Do? Provides a naming scheme An internet protocol defines a uniform format for host addresses Each host (and router) is assigned at least one of these internet addresses that uniquely identifies it Provides a delivery mechanism An internet protocol defines a standard transfer unit (packet) Packet consists of header and payload Header: contains info such as packet size, source and destination addresses Payload: contains data bits sent from source hostCarnegie MellonLAN2Transferring Data Over an internetprotocolsoftwareclientLAN1adapterHost ALAN1data(1)data PH FH1(4)data PH FH2(6)data(8)data PH FH2 (5)LAN2 frameprotocolsoftwareLAN1adapterLAN2adapterRouterdata PH(3) FH1data PH FH1(2)internet packetLAN1 frame(7)data PH FH2protocolsoftwareserverLAN2adapterHost BPH: Internet packet headerFH: LAN frame headerCarnegie MellonOther Issues We are glossing over a number of important questions: What if different networks have different maximum frame sizes? (segmentation) How do routers know where to forward frames? How are routers informed when the network topology changes? What if packets get lost? These (and other) questions are addressed by the area of systems known as computer networkingCarnegie MellonToday Internetworking Networks Global IP InternetCarnegie MellonGlobal IP Internet Most famous example of an internet Based on the TCP/IP protocol family IP (Internet protocol) :  Provides basic naming scheme and unreliable delivery capabilityof packets (datagrams) from host‐to‐host UDP (Unreliable Datagram Protocol) Uses IP to provide unreliable datagram delivery from process‐to‐process TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Uses IP to provide reliable byte streams from process‐to‐process over connections Accessed via a mix of Unix file I/O and functions from the sockets interfaceCarnegie MellonHardware and Software Organization of an Internet ApplicationTCP/IPClientNetworkadapterGlobal IP InternetTCP/IPServerNetworkadapterInternet client host Internet server hostSockets interface(system calls)Hardware interface(interrupts)User codeKernel codeHardwareand firmwareCarnegie MellonBasic Internet Components Internet backbone: collection of routers (nationwide or worldwide) connected by high‐speed point‐to‐point networks Network Access Point (NAP): router that connects multiple backbones (often referred to as peers) Regional networks: smaller backbones that cover smaller geographical areas (e.g.,


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