DOC PREVIEW
CMU CS 15213 - Lecture

This preview shows page 1-2-3-20-21-22-41-42-43 out of 43 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 43 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

The Memory Hierarchy Feb. 20, 2003Random-Access Memory (RAM)SRAM vs DRAM SummaryConventional DRAM OrganizationReading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Slide 6Memory ModulesEnhanced DRAMsNonvolatile MemoriesTypical Bus Structure Connecting CPU and MemoryMemory Read Transaction (1)Memory Read Transaction (2)Memory Read Transaction (3)Memory Write Transaction (1)Memory Write Transaction (2)Memory Write Transaction (3)Disk GeometryDisk Geometry (Muliple-Platter View)Disk CapacityComputing Disk CapacityDisk Operation (Single-Platter View)Disk Operation (Multi-Platter View)Disk Access TimeDisk Access Time ExampleLogical Disk BlocksI/O BusReading a Disk Sector (1)Reading a Disk Sector (2)Reading a Disk Sector (3)Storage TrendsCPU Clock RatesThe CPU-Memory GapLocalityLocality ExampleSlide 35Slide 36Memory HierarchiesAn Example Memory HierarchyCachesCaching in a Memory HierarchyGeneral Caching ConceptsGeneral Caching ConceptsExamples of Caching in the HierarchyThe Memory HierarchyFeb. 20, 2003The Memory HierarchyFeb. 20, 2003TopicsTopicsStorage technologies and trendsLocality of referenceCaching in the memory hierarchyclass12.ppt15-213“The course that gives CMU its Zip!”– 2 –15-213, S’03Random-Access Memory (RAM)Random-Access Memory (RAM)Key featuresKey featuresRAM is packaged as a chip.Basic storage unit is a cell (one bit per cell).Multiple RAM chips form a memory.Static RAM (Static RAM (SRAMSRAM))Each cell stores bit with a six-transistor circuit.Retains value indefinitely, as long as it is kept powered.Relatively insensitive to disturbances such as electrical noise.Faster and more expensive than DRAM.Dynamic RAM (Dynamic RAM (DRAMDRAM))Each cell stores bit with a capacitor and transistor.Value must be refreshed every 10-100 ms.Sensitive to disturbances.Slower and cheaper than SRAM.– 3 –15-213, S’03SRAM vs DRAM SummarySRAM vs DRAM SummaryTran. Accessper bit time Persist? Sensitive? Cost ApplicationsSRAM 6 1X Yes No 100x cache memoriesDRAM 1 10X No Yes 1X Main memories,frame buffers– 4 –15-213, S’03Conventional DRAM OrganizationConventional DRAM Organizationd x w DRAM:d x w DRAM:dw total bits organized as d supercells of size w bitscolsrows01 2 30123internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chipaddrdatasupercell(2,1)2 bits/8 bits/memorycontroller(to CPU)– 5 –15-213, S’03Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Step 1(a): Row access strobe (Step 1(a): Row access strobe (RASRAS) selects row 2.) selects row 2.colsrowsRAS = 201 2 3012internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chip3addrdata2/8/memorycontrollerStep 1(b): Row 2 copied from DRAM array to row buffer.Step 1(b): Row 2 copied from DRAM array to row buffer.– 6 –15-213, S’03Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Step 2(a): Column access strobe (Step 2(a): Column access strobe (CASCAS) selects column 1.) selects column 1.colsrows01 2 30123internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chipCAS = 1addrdata2/8/memorycontrollerStep 2(b): Supercell (2,1) copied from buffer to data lines, Step 2(b): Supercell (2,1) copied from buffer to data lines, and eventually back to the CPU.and eventually back to the CPU.supercell (2,1)supercell (2,1)To CPU– 7 –15-213, S’03Memory ModulesMemory Modules: supercell (i,j)64 MB memory moduleconsisting ofeight 8Mx8 DRAMsaddr (row = i, col = j)MemorycontrollerDRAM 7DRAM 0031 78151623243263 39404748555664-bit doubleword at main memory address Abits0-7bits8-15bits16-23bits24-31bits32-39bits40-47bits48-55bits56-6364-bit doubleword031 78151623243263 39404748555664-bit doubleword at main memory address A– 8 –15-213, S’03Enhanced DRAMsEnhanced DRAMsAll enhanced DRAMs are built around the conventional All enhanced DRAMs are built around the conventional DRAM core. DRAM core. Fast page mode DRAM (FPM DRAM)Access contents of row with [RAS, CAS, CAS, CAS, CAS] instead of [(RAS,CAS), (RAS,CAS), (RAS,CAS), (RAS,CAS)].Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM)Enhanced FPM DRAM with more closely spaced CAS signals.Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)Driven with rising clock edge instead of asynchronous control signals.Double data-rate synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM)Enhancement of SDRAM that uses both clock edges as control signals.Video RAM (VRAM)Like FPM DRAM, but output is produced by shifting row bufferDual ported (allows concurrent reads and writes)– 9 –15-213, S’03Nonvolatile MemoriesNonvolatile MemoriesDRAM and SRAM are volatile memoriesDRAM and SRAM are volatile memoriesLose information if powered off.Nonvolatile memories retain value even if powered off.Nonvolatile memories retain value even if powered off.Generic name is read-only memory (ROM).Misleading because some ROMs can be read and modified.Types of ROMsTypes of ROMsProgrammable ROM (PROM)Eraseable programmable ROM (EPROM)Electrically eraseable PROM (EEPROM)Flash memoryFirmwareFirmwareProgram stored in a ROMBoot time code, BIOS (basic input/ouput system)graphics cards, disk controllers.– 10 –15-213, S’03Typical Bus Structure Connecting CPU and MemoryTypical Bus Structure Connecting CPU and MemoryA A busbus is a collection of parallel wires that carry is a collection of parallel wires that carry address, data, and control signals.address, data, and control signals.Buses are typically shared by multiple devices.Buses are typically shared by multiple devices.mainmemoryI/O bridgebus interfaceALUregister fileCPU chipsystem bus memory bus– 11 –15-213, S’03Memory Read Transaction (1)Memory Read Transaction (1)CPU places address A on the memory bus.CPU places address A on the memory bus. ALUregister filebus interfaceA0Axmain memoryI/O bridge%eaxLoad operation: movl A, %eax– 12 –15-213, S’03Memory Read Transaction (2)Memory Read Transaction (2)Main memory reads A from the memory bus, retrieves Main memory reads A from the memory bus, retrieves word x, and places it on the bus.word x, and places it on the bus.ALUregister filebus interfacex0Axmain memory%eaxI/O bridgeLoad operation: movl A, %eax– 13 –15-213, S’03Memory Read Transaction (3)Memory Read Transaction (3)CPU read word x from the bus and copies it into CPU read word x from the bus and copies it into register %eax.register %eax.xALUregister filebus interfacexmain memory0A%eaxI/O bridgeLoad operation: movl A, %eax– 14 –15-213, S’03Memory Write Transaction (1)Memory Write Transaction (1) CPU places address A on bus. Main memory reads it CPU places address A on


View Full Document

CMU CS 15213 - Lecture

Documents in this Course
lecture

lecture

14 pages

lecture

lecture

46 pages

Caches

Caches

9 pages

lecture

lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

56 pages

lecture

lecture

11 pages

lecture

lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Exam

Exam

16 pages

Lecture

Lecture

10 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

6 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

coding

coding

2 pages

Exam

Exam

17 pages

Exam

Exam

14 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

lecture

lecture

46 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

57 pages

Lecture

Lecture

32 pages

Lecture

Lecture

46 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

6 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

18 pages

Exam

Exam

10 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Exam

Exam

24 pages

class09

class09

21 pages

class22

class22

37 pages

class20

class20

30 pages

class27

class27

33 pages

class25

class25

21 pages

class04

class04

31 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

class01a

class01a

14 pages

class12

class12

45 pages

class29

class29

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

6 pages

class03

class03

34 pages

lecture

lecture

42 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

47 pages

Exam

Exam

19 pages

R06-B

R06-B

25 pages

class17

class17

37 pages

class25

class25

31 pages

Lecture

Lecture

15 pages

final-f06

final-f06

17 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

lecture

lecture

9 pages

Exam

Exam

15 pages

Lecture

Lecture

22 pages

class11

class11

45 pages

lecture

lecture

50 pages

Linking

Linking

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

64 pages

Integers

Integers

40 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

44 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Final

Final

25 pages

lecture

lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Lecture

Lecture

16 pages

Final

Final

17 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

47 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

lecture

lecture

39 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

lecture

lecture

41 pages

lecture

lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

18 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

Lecture

Lecture

32 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

15 pages

Lecture

Lecture

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

4 pages

Lecture

Lecture

46 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

65 pages

Lecture

Lecture

38 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Exam

Exam

13 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

7 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

24 pages

Lecture

Lecture

47 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

20 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

52 pages

Lecture

Lecture

20 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

Lecture

Lecture

47 pages

Lecture

Lecture

18 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

22 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

Exam

Exam

23 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

22 pages

class12

class12

32 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

44 pages

Lecture

Lecture

38 pages

Lecture

Lecture

69 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

52 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

83 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

class01b

class01b

17 pages

Exam

Exam

21 pages

class07

class07

47 pages

Lecture

Lecture

11 pages

Odyssey

Odyssey

18 pages

multicore

multicore

66 pages

Lecture

Lecture

6 pages

lecture

lecture

41 pages

lecture

lecture

55 pages

lecture

lecture

52 pages

lecture

lecture

33 pages

lecture

lecture

46 pages

lecture

lecture

55 pages

lecture

lecture

17 pages

lecture

lecture

49 pages

Exam

Exam

17 pages

lecture

lecture

56 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

16 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

16 pages

Notes

Notes

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

25 pages

Exam

Exam

13 pages

Lecture

Lecture

32 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

58 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

Lecture

Lecture

59 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

Lecture

Lecture

50 pages

Exam

Exam

17 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

Lecture

Lecture

44 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

Lecture

Lecture

52 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

lecture

lecture

10 pages

Lecture

Lecture

27 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

Lecture

Lecture

8 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

75 pages

Lecture

Lecture

55 pages

Exam

Exam

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

lecture

lecture

36 pages

Exam

Exam

33 pages

lecture

lecture

56 pages

lecture

lecture

64 pages

lecture

lecture

8 pages

Exam

Exam

14 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

lecture

lecture

56 pages

lecture

lecture

75 pages

lecture

lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

50 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

13 pages

Exam

Exam

23 pages

Lecture

Lecture

10 pages

Lecture

Lecture

48 pages

Lecture

Lecture

83 pages

lecture

lecture

57 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

lecture

lecture

54 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Exam

Exam

13 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Exam

Exam

17 pages

Lecture

Lecture

9 pages

Exam

Exam

15 pages

Lecture

Lecture

44 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

24 pages

Lecture

Lecture

29 pages

class12

class12

43 pages

lecture

lecture

43 pages

class22

class22

22 pages

R06-B

R06-B

25 pages

class01b

class01b

19 pages

lecture

lecture

29 pages

lab1

lab1

8 pages

Caches

Caches

36 pages

lecture

lecture

55 pages

Lecture,

Lecture,

37 pages

Integers

Integers

40 pages

Linking

Linking

38 pages

lecture

lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

61 pages

Linking

Linking

33 pages

lecture

lecture

40 pages

lecture

lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

32 pages

lecture

lecture

48 pages

lecture

lecture

44 pages

Exam

Exam

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

31 pages

Lecture

Lecture

46 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Exam

Exam

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

42 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

Lecture

Lecture

13 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

Lecture

Lecture

20 pages

Final

Final

19 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

50 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

27 pages

Lecture

Lecture

6 pages

Exam

Exam

15 pages

Lecture

Lecture

24 pages

Lecture

Lecture

23 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

32 pages

Lecture

Lecture

52 pages

Lecture

Lecture

37 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

40 pages

Lecture

Lecture

15 pages

lecture

lecture

21 pages

Lecture

Lecture

58 pages

Lecture

Lecture

49 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

Lecture

Lecture

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

58 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Exam

Exam

15 pages

Lecture

Lecture

35 pages

Lecture

Lecture

10 pages

Lecture

Lecture

25 pages

Lecture

Lecture

31 pages

Lecture

Lecture

24 pages

Lecture

Lecture

34 pages

Lecture

Lecture

50 pages

lecture

lecture

35 pages

Lecture

Lecture

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

39 pages

Lecture

Lecture

45 pages

Lecture

Lecture

41 pages

exam1-f05

exam1-f05

11 pages

Lecture

Lecture

4 pages

Lecture

Lecture

17 pages

Exam

Exam

17 pages

malloc()

malloc()

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

57 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Lecture

Lecture

30 pages

Lecture

Lecture

47 pages

Lecture

Lecture

33 pages

Exam

Exam

12 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lectures

Lectures

33 pages

Lecture

Lecture

36 pages

lecture

lecture

33 pages

Exam

Exam

14 pages

Lecture

Lecture

43 pages

Lecture

Lecture

25 pages

Load more
Download Lecture
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lecture and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lecture 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?