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CMU CS 15213 - Lecture

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Page 1The Memory HierarchyFebruary 19, 2004The Memory HierarchyFebruary 19, 2004TopicsTopics Storage technologies and trends Locality of reference Caching in the memory hierarchyclass12.ppt15-213“The course that gives CMU its Zip!”– 2 –15-213, S’04Random-Access Memory (RAM)Random-Access Memory (RAM)Key featuresKey features RAM is traditionally packaged as a chip. Basic storage unit is normally a cell (one bit per cell). Multiple RAM chips form a memory.Static RAM (Static RAM (SRAMSRAM)) Each cell stores a bit with a four or six-transistor circuit. Retains value indefinitely, as long as it is kept powered. Relatively insensitive to electrical noise (EMI), radiation, etc. Faster and more expensive than DRAM.Dynamic RAM (Dynamic RAM (DRAMDRAM)) Each cell stores bit with a capacitor. One transistor is used for access Value must be refreshed every 10-100 ms. More sensitive to disturbances (EMI, radiation,…) than SRAM. Slower and cheaper than SRAM.– 3 –15-213, S’04SRAM vs DRAM SummarySRAM vs DRAM SummaryTran. Access Needs Needsper bit time refresh? EDC? Cost ApplicationsSRAM 4 or 6 1X No Maybe 100x cache memoriesDRAM 1 10X Yes Yes 1X Main memories,frame buffers– 4 –15-213, S’04Conventional DRAM OrganizationConventional DRAM Organizationd x w DRAM:d x w DRAM: dw total bits organized as d supercells of size w bitscolsrows01 2 30123internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chipaddrdatasupercell(2,1)2 bits/8 bits/memorycontroller(to CPU)Page 2– 5 –15-213, S’04Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Step 1(a): Row access strobe (Step 1(a): Row access strobe (RASRAS) selects row 2.) selects row 2.colsrowsRAS = 201 2 3012internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chip3addrdata2/8/memorycontrollerStep 1(b): Row 2 copied from DRAM array to row buffer.Step 1(b): Row 2 copied from DRAM array to row buffer.– 6 –15-213, S’04Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Reading DRAM Supercell (2,1)Step 2(a): Column access strobe (Step 2(a): Column access strobe (CASCAS) selects column 1.) selects column 1.colsrows01 2 30123internal row buffer16 x 8 DRAM chipCAS = 1addrdata2/8/memorycontrollerStep 2(b): Step 2(b): SupercellSupercell(2,1) copied from buffer to data lines, (2,1) copied from buffer to data lines, and eventually back to the CPU.and eventually back to the CPU.supercell(2,1)supercell(2,1)To CPU– 7 –15-213, S’04Memory ModulesMemory Modules: supercell (i,j)64 MB memory moduleconsisting ofeight 8Mx8 DRAMsaddr (row = i, col = j)MemorycontrollerDRAM 7DRAM 0031 78151623243263 39404748555664-bit doubleword at main memory address Abits0-7bits8-15bits16-23bits24-31bits32-39bits40-47bits48-55bits56-6364-bit doubleword031 78151623243263 39404748555664-bit doubleword at main memory address A– 8 –15-213, S’04Enhanced DRAMsEnhanced DRAMsDRAM Cores with better interface logic and faster I/O :DRAM Cores with better interface logic and faster I/O : Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)Uses a conventional clock signal instead of asynchronous control Double data-rate synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM)Double edge clocking sends two bits per cycle per pin RamBus™ DRAM (RDRAM)Uses faster signaling over fewer wires (source directed clocking)with a Transaction oriented interface protocolObsolete Technologies :Obsolete Technologies : Fast page mode DRAM (FPM DRAM)Allowed re-use of row-addresses Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM)Enhanced FPM DRAM with more closely spaced CAS signals. Video RAM (VRAM)Dual ported FPM DRAM with a second, concurrent, serial interface Extra functionality DRAMS (CDRAM, GDRAM)Added SRAM (CDRAM) and support for graphics operations (GDRAM)Page 3– 9 –15-213, S’04Nonvolatile MemoriesNonvolatile MemoriesDRAM and SRAM are volatile memoriesDRAM and SRAM are volatile memories Lose information if powered off.Nonvolatile memories retain value even if powered offNonvolatile memories retain value even if powered off Read-only memory (ROM): programmed during production Magnetic RAM (MRAM): stores bit magnetically (in development) Ferro-electric RAM (FERAM): uses a ferro-electric dielectric Programmable ROM (PROM): can be programmed once Eraseable PROM (EPROM): can be bulk erased (UV, X-Ray) Electrically eraseable PROM (EEPROM): electronic erase capability Flash memory: EEPROMs with partial (sector) erase capabilityUses for Nonvolatile MemoriesUses for Nonvolatile Memories Firmware programs stored in a ROM (BIOS, controllers for disks, network cards, graphics accelerators, security subsystems,…) Solid state disks (flash cards, memory sticks, etc.) Smart cards, embedded systems, appliances Disk caches– 10 –15-213, S’04Traditional Bus Structure Connecting CPU and MemoryTraditional Bus Structure Connecting CPU and MemoryA A busbusis a collection of parallel wires that carry is a collection of parallel wires that carry address, data, and control signals.address, data, and control signals.Buses are typically shared by multiple devices.Buses are typically shared by multiple devices.mainmemoryI/O bridgebus interfaceALUregister fileCPU chipsystem bus memory bus– 11 –15-213, S’04Memory Read Transaction (1)Memory Read Transaction (1)CPU places address A on the memory bus.CPU places address A on the memory bus.ALUregister filebus interfaceA0Axmain memoryI/O bridge%eaxLoad operation: movl A, %eax– 12 –15-213, S’04Memory Read Transaction (2)Memory Read Transaction (2)Main memory reads A from the memory bus, retrieves Main memory reads A from the memory bus, retrieves word x, and places it on the bus.word x, and places it on the bus.ALUregister filebus interfacex0Axmain memory%eaxI/O bridgeLoad operation: movl A, %eaxPage 4– 13 –15-213, S’04Memory Read Transaction (3)Memory Read Transaction (3)CPU read word x from the bus and copies it into CPU read word x from the bus and copies it into register %register %eaxeax..xALUregister filebus interfacexmain memory0A%eaxI/O bridgeLoad operation: movl A, %eax– 14 –15-213, S’04Memory Write Transaction (1)Memory Write Transaction (1)CPU places address A on bus. Main memory reads it CPU places address A on bus. Main memory reads it and waits for the corresponding data word to arrive.and waits for the corresponding data word to arrive.yALUregister filebus interfaceAmain memory0A%eaxI/O bridgeStore operation: movl %eax, A– 15 –15-213, S’04Memory Write Transaction (2)Memory Write Transaction (2)CPU places data word y on the


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CMU CS 15213 - Lecture

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