PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture II. Color VIsionA. Color ConsistencyIII. Perception Can Be Influenced Bya. Ambiguous Stimulib. Contextc. Previous Experienced. Expectancies IV. Form Perceptiona. Figure-Ground b. Groupingi. Proximity ii. Similarityiii. Continuityiv. ConnectednessV. Depth Perceptiona. Binocular Cuesb. Monocular Cues Outline of Current Lecture: MotivationVI. Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsB. Physiological NeedsC. Safety NeedsD. Belongingness & Love NeedsE. Esteem NeedsF. Self-ActualizationVII. What Affects Motivation?a. Internal Stateb. External State – Incentivesc. Learning Historyd. Geneticse. CultureVIII. Physiological NeedsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. HomeostasisIX. Hungera. Mechanismsb. Lateral Hypothalamusc. Ventromedial Hypothalamus X. Physiology of Obesity a. Fat Cellsb. Set Point / Metabolismc. Geneticsd. Environment Current Lecture: MotivationMotivationI. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needsa. Physiological Needs: hunger, thirst, oxygen; must meet these needs first to move onto additional needs; meet these needs or deathb. Safety Needs: safe, secure, stable; ex: walk out of home and not worry about a bomb going offc. Belongingness & Love Needs: love, beloved, accepted; ex: Harlow’s monkeysd. Esteem Needs: self-esteem, competence, achievement, respect from otherse. Self-Actualization: need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential; not everyone reaches this level of self-actualizationII. What Affects Our Motivation?a. Internal State: tired, hungry, thirsty, pain – push to achieve these things b. External State – Incentives: brain overcome natural needs; ex: food commercials, state fair, bakery, gluttony c. Our Own Learning History: family and individual; ex: taste aversion or allergies – even if hungry, not eat particular food d. Health: ex: fever, vomiting – not going to be motivated to go to partye. Culture: what is important and emphasized ex: food – in the United States, beef, not snails i. Cultural Difference of Sexuality1. Small Irish Island: sexually repressed, shower with items of clothing on, believe sex is unhealthy, women never orgasm, sex education does not exist2. Southern Pacific Island: sex is pleasure and appropriate, boys begin masturbation at age 7 & undergo a penis operation at age 13, 13-year-old boys have intercourse with a more advanced partner, parents encourage female daughters to have multiple sexual partners before marriage3. United States is somewhere in the middle: pornography, media images, sex education, etc. III. Physiological Needs a. Met through drive-reduction – aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the needs; ex: Goosebumps, stomach growlsb. Homeostasis – balanced internal statei. Temperature: cold – blood vessel constrictions; 98.6 natural body temperatureii. Hunger: low blood glucose – triggers hungeriii. Water Levels: low – triggers thirstiv. Hormones v. Blood PressureIV. Hungera. Mechanismsi. Blood glucose levelii. Hypothalamus monitors through feedback from stomach, intestines, liver,blood, etc. iii. Hypothalamus signals hunger or satiety (satisfaction) based on glucose levels – two separate signals: Lateral Hypothalamus & Ventromedial Hypothalamus b. Lateral Hypothalamus: signals hungeri. Stimulation: eatingii. Destruction: lack of eating, never feel hunger, even if body is starvingc. Ventromedial Hypothalamus: signals satiety (satisfaction)i. Stimulation: stop eatingii. Destruction: overeating, even if full V. Physiology of Obesity: United States is most obese country a. Fat cells: size & number – fat cell’s job is to store energy when needed to be burned; take in more fat cells than burned – fat cells accumulate; fat cells never go away: only shrink; liposuction only true way to remove fat cells b. Set Point/Metabolism: BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate: rate of energy expenditure at rest; genetic but can be altered: i. Increase BMR: exercise and minimize fat foodsii. Decrease BMR: crash diet – body goes into starvation mode and stores any source of fatc. Geneticd. Environmental: family, fast food, money (less healthy is cheaper), large portion size, driving vs. walking, most obese states – southern states, fried foodsBrain still thinks winter is coming – drives you to eat fatty foodsExercise and eat a low fat
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