PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture: Classical Conditioning II. Classical Conditioning A. ExamplesIII. Basic TermsA. Unconditioned StimuliB. Conditioned Stimuli C. Unconditioned ResponseD. Conditioned Response IV. Historical Beginnings A. Pavlov’s DogsV. Acquisition A. Temporal Contiguity B. Spatial Contiguity Outline of Current Lecture VI. Basic Terms of Classical Conditioning ContinuedA. ExtinctionB. GeneralizationC. Second-Order Conditioning a. ExamplesVII. Operant ConditioningVIII.Basic TermsA. Primary ReinforcerB. Conditioned Reinforcer C. Positive ReinforcementD. Negative ReinforcementE. ShapingF. PunishmentG. ExamplesCurrent Lecture: Classic Conditioning Continued – Operant ConditioningThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Classical Conditioning ContinuedI. Basic Terms Continueda. Extinction: the diminishing of the CR; accomplished by the CS not being followed by the UCSi. Ex: Phobia of dogs – experience dogs, pictures, touching etc. with no reason (UCS) to fear dogsb. Generalization: the tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. i. Ex: dogs, bells, salvation – If Pavlov changed the tune of the bell or tickingspeed, generalization would occur, because it is similar enough ii. Ex: Human fear of bees – afraid of wasps, flies, etc.; phone ringing in a room – check your own phone c. Second-Order (Higher-Order) Conditioning: the ability of stimuli that predict the CS to elicit the CR i. Conditioned stimuli 2 put in front of conditioned stimuli 1Example: UCS: food UCR: salvationNeutral: bell, tickingCS: bell, ticking CR: salvationCS2: blue light CS1: bell, ticking CR: salvationCS2: blue light CR: salvation UCS: needle UCR: painNeutral: syringe/shotsCS: syringe/shots CR: painCS2: doctor CS1: syringe/shots CR: painCS2: doctor CR: pain End of Classical ConditioningII. Operant Condition: requires you to behave in some way in order to receive a consequence – good or bada. Presentation of a US depends on the subject’s behavior; a particular response is required to obtain a specific stimuli or consequence. b. Ex: want to turn on the lights – must flip the switch; want a soda – must put in a dollar & push the button III. Basic Termsa. Primary Reinforcer: innately reinforcing stimuli (biological); food, sleep, sex, etc. b. Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer): a stimuli that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforceri. Ex: $20 bill – buy foodc. Positive Reinforcement: An instrumental response increases in likelihood as a result of a stimulus being presented following the response and not presented in the absence of the responsei. Ex: given chocolate for good behavior ii. Given something positive d. Negative Reinforcement: If the instrumental response is performed, the aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occurring i. Ex: Turning off the alarm clock; Mom is nagging to clean room – aversive stimulus: cleaning room to stop nagging ii. Taking away something negative e. Shaping: Development of a new response through positive reinforcement of successive approximation i. Ex: Shaping rat to push lever to get food: initially through classical conditioning rat understands “ding” means food – first, put rat in Skinner box. Then, anytime rat goes near lever, “ding”, give food. Overtime, only “ding” if rat gets increasingly closer and closer to lever. Then, only “ding” if rat touches lever. Eventually, rat will be conditioned through positive reinforcement (giving of food) to push the lever in order to receive food f. Punishment: Occurrence of the instrumental response results in delivery of an aversive stimulus i. Giving something negativeii. Taking away something positive Good BadPositive Reinforcement PunishmentPunishment Negative ReinforcementTake GivePositive & Negative Reinforcement: encourages behavior; increasing behavior; do it again!Punishment: decreases behavior; so you will not do it again!Positive Reinforcement is most effective! Punishment only teaches what not to do; ex: hit sister, mom puts you in time out (punishment).Next time, you kick sister, pull hair, etc. – did not hit sister, but did not learn what to
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