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SC PSYC 101 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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PSYC 101 LevensExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 25)History of Psychology & the Various Applied Psychology Subfields What does each field study? Clinical Psychologist – studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders (requiring a PhD). Psychiatry – A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, not talk therapy, focus on patient’s medical history, side effects, etc. (requiring Medical School).Educational Psychologist – how people learn, achievement tests, class environment, education of mentally disabled Counseling Psychology – deals with deviant behavior and relationships: family, marriage, & career counseling (requiring a 2-3 year program). Industrial/Organizational (IO): training and motivation of workers, job satisfaction, and good work relations. ex. Cereal box design, images of children/cartoons on the boxes are typically looking down towards children’s’ eyes Lecture 2 (August 27) What is the scientific method? Scientific Method begins with a theory – an explanation that organizes and predicts observations. Then, psychologists develop a hypothesis – a specific, testable, experimental prediction. Operational definitions must define the procedures used in research. Then, replication of the study must occur to see if the original findings generalize to other participantsand situations. Psychology is a science! Example: Theory: Students who sit in the front of the classroom do well in the course. Hypothesis: Students who sit in the first four rows of the classroom will receive a final coursegrade of a B or higher. Operational Definitions: The front of the classroom is defined by the first four rows; well in the course is defined as a final grade of a B or higher What are the various descriptive studies? What are their limitations? Case Study – one/a few individuals are studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles; ex: psychologists study person’s medical history, developmental milestones, social interactions, etc. Limitations: Any individual may be atypical; therefore, it is easy to make false conclusionsSurvey – a form of questionnaire that must use a representation (represent the population), random sample; ex: drug surveyLimitations: Sampling errors: ex. telephone survey: excluding young people who do not use landline telephones. Response rate: the percentage of people actually responding; look for a rate of 50% or higher; ex. If you send out a survey to 100 people and only 10 people respond, that is a 10% response rate & the responses are typically biased. Natural Observation – observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without direct intervention with subjects; ex: observing children play on the playgroundLimitations: people knowing they are being watched and observed may act unnatural and skew records Observations do not explain behavior! Lecture 3 (August 29)What is a correlation? Why do we use correlation? Does correlation mean causation? A correlation is a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors predict each other; a strong double-sided relationship. Examples: Intelligence & Achievement (Job, life, GPA)? Yes, there is a correlation! Does not have to be the same in every situation. IQ & Drug Use? No correlation. All levels of intelligence use drugs, no relationship We use correlation when experimenting is unethical, when experimentation is impossible or toodifficult, and when psychologists are looking at traits that cannot be controlled.Correlation does not mean causation! Correlation: somewhere in the range of -1.00 to +1.00Closer to (+/-) 1, stronger correlationAs one goes up, the other goes up (+1.00)As one goes up, the other goes down (-1.00)0 is almost no correlation or relationship Example: If two things have a correlation of +.54 with each other, it is a strong correlation; for instance, extroversion and risk-taking. It means 54% of the time an extrovert person will also bea risk taker. In psychology, .20 to .40 is a strong correlation, due to the variability and differences in the brain/people; never a real perfect correlation in psychology. What is the experimental process? Experimentation – an investigator manipulates one or more factors (Independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior/mental process (Dependent variable)Experimental Conditions – exposes participants to the experimental treatment Control Condition – serves as a comparison for evaluating the effects of treatmentRandom Assignment – avoids biasesIndependent Variable (IV) – experimental factor being manipulatedDependent Variable (DV) – experimental factor that is being measured; change in response to IVmanipulation Lecture 4 (September 3)What are the parts of the neuron? What does each part do? Neuron: basic building blocks of the nervous system Dendrite: part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells (neurons, chemicals, hormones, etc.) passes message to the cell bodyCell Body (Soma): control center of neurons, contains nucleus Axon: sends message to other neurons, glands, muscles, etc. – some are really long, some reallyshort. Includes the Axon Terminal Buttons – branches at the end of the axon that contain vesicles enclosing neurotransmitters. A nerve is a bundle of axons. White matter: Contains a lot of axons – communication throughout the brain. Gray Matter (Cortex): 1/4th inch thick, contains significantly less axons – think, plan, sense, see, memoryMyelin Sheath: Fatty tissue that covers the axon in some neurons: Functions: Protection. Insulation. Speeds up the neural impulseSynapse (Synaptic gap): junction between axon (axon terminal buttons) of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron – Neurons never touch!Receptor: protein that binds neurotransmitters, hormones, or drugs: interaction with chemicals.Exists at the end of the axon (axon terminal). Axon terminal holds vesicles that contain neurotransmitters. If the electrical signal reaches its action potential, neurons cross synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites What is the process of neural transmission from start to finish? 1. Dendrite receives messages in the form of neurotransmitters.2. Through temporal and spatial summation, message is passed to cell body.3. Depolarization of cell body begins.4. If depolarization is sufficient to reach threshold, action potential occurs.5. Action potential travels down axon.6. At the


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