PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture II. Basic Terms of Classical Conditioning ContinuedA. ExtinctionB. GeneralizationC. Second-Order Conditioning a. ExamplesIII. Operant ConditioningIV. Basic Termsa. Primary Reinforcerb. Conditioned Reinforcer c. Positive Reinforcementd. Negative Reinforcemente. Shapingf. Punishmentg. ExamplesOutline of Current Lecture V. Reinforcement Schedules A. ContinuousB. Partiala. Fixed-Ratiob. Variable-Ratioc. Fixed-Intervald. Variable-Interval VI. Social Learninga. Observational Learningb. Modelingi. Bandura BoBo Doll Experiment Current LectureOperant Conditioning ContinuedI. Reinforcement Schedules These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Continuous: reinforcement occurs every time behavior is performed; most in life not continuous; easier to stop behavior – extinction i. Ex: continuous extinction: getting a soda – put one dollar in, press button,soda. If you follow behavior, but 3 or so times in a row the soda does not come out – no longer try to get soda – extinctionb. Partial: reinforcement occurs part of the time behavior is performed; typically easier to extinguish (stop behavior) than continuous reinforcement i. Fixed-Ratio (FR): a fixed number/amount of times behavior performed forreinforcement1. Ex: sub card – buy ten subs, get one free: fixed ratio when reinforced (FR 10) 2. Ex: hours of college credits – 120 hours, graduate (FR 120) 3. Breaking Point: how long until behavior is extinguished – cocaine has highest breaking pointii. Variable-Ratio: the amount/number of times behavior must be performedfor reinforcement varies each time; harder to extinguish than fixed1. Ex: Gambling, slot machines, lottery; gambling fallacy – long losing streak, “I’m due to win”, wrong! 2. Ex: fishing iii. Fixed-Interval: a fixed amount of time between behavior and reinforcement1. Ex: rat pushes lever, must wait 30 seconds for food2. Ex: paycheck – every two weeks (FI 2) 3. Ex: Television shows – fixed time: Scandal, Thursday at 10 iv. Variable-Interval: the amount of time for reinforcement varies; harder to extinguish than fixed1. Ex: food delivery – sometimes 30 minutes, sometimes 120 minutes 2. Ex: online shopping delivery End of Operant ConditioningII. Learning by Observation: Social Learninga. Observational Learning: learning by observing othersb. Modeling: the process of observing and imitating specific behavior; children are most vulnerable to modeling i. Ex: cussing, children repeat wordsii. Ex: lion cub learns to hunt by watching momiii. Bandura BoBo Doll Experiment: study of aggression; the experimental group observed someone hitting, kicking, throwing, etc. the BoBo doll – children imitated those behaviors while interacting with the doll; both gendersiv. Ex: TV violence – Power Rangers, more
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