PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 36 Outline of Last Lecture: Social Psychology II. Social Relationsa. Prejudice – “Prejudgment” i. Social Roots of Prejudice Outline of Current Lecture:I. Social Relations Continueda. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice i. Categorizationii. Vivid Casesiii. Just-World PhenomenonII. Social Thinking a. Fundamental Attribution Error b. Attitudes & Behaviorsi. Attitudes Guiding Behaviorsii. Behaviors Guiding Attitudesc. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Current LectureI. Social Relations ContinuedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice (prejudgments) – come from how we cognitively simplify the world; engrained into up to act cautiously against people who are different i. Categorization: group people & assume things; overestimate the similarity of the people within groups different from our own – can go away with experience ii. Vivid Cases: easily remembered & can bias judgment – unique/standout can change our views1. Ex: Internet exposes us to different cultures; can be good & bad; Rodney King, Muslims = terrorists iii. Just-World Phenomenon: people get what they deserve; ex: poverty = lazy; go one of two ways: distance self because they deserve it OR help the situation; justifying prejudice. II. Social Thinking – how we think in social situationsa. Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition (personality) i. Ex: Cut you off in car – immediately think: douche bag, jerk, BUT may be on the way to the hospital for pregnant wife, or catch an airplane, etc. ii. Meet someone new who is quiet – immediately think: stuck up, aloof, BUT may be shyiii. Napolitan & Goethels (1979) two separate groups: one group communicated with a sweet, warm person; the other group communicated with a rude, quiet person. Groups asked to rate the person’s personality, hang out again, etc.: Group one: said she was nice & would meet up again; group two: rude, not again. Then, group two was told that she was acting, paid to be rude and quiet: Group two still said she was rude & would not hangout againb. Attitude & Behavior: Why do “good” people engage in bad behavior? Disconnect between attitude and behavior Attitudes will guide behavior if: i. Outside influences are minimal; ex: peer pressure ii. The attitude is specifically relevant to behavioriii. We are keenly (consciously) aware of our attitudes 1. Ex: Deiner Mirror Studies: cheating = bad; experiment: group of people given a test, and once the buzzer goes off, they have to stop writing; failure to stop writing = cheating; If the people were alone in a room, more likely to cheat; but when a mirror is placed in the room, participants will not cheat, because they are consciously observing themselvesBehaviors will guide attitudes if:i. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: tendency for people who agree to a smallaction to comply later with a larger one; ex: salesmen ii. Role-Playing: Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment (1972); participants were either guard or prisoner; had to stop experiment because guards were getting too into their role; ex: Nazi’s and uniformsiii. Cognitive Dissonance Theory: we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent 1. Ex: Drinking & driving; bad; but shit how did I get home? Thoughts– maybe it’s not so hard, short drive, one time thing: all justifications to change attitude 2. Famous Study: Participants given a boring task – one group: paid $20 for an hour, second group: paid $1 for an hour; after completing the task, group two described the task as more enjoyable; justification Recommended: If feeling sad, unmotivated – PRETEND! Fake it till you become it! Smile,laugh, act happy! It will
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