PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture: Development Continued II. Cognitive Development: Piaget ExamplesA. Preoperational Stagea. Stuck on Rules Exampleb. Egocentrism ExampleIII. Social Developmenta. Attachmenti. Body Contact – Harlow’s Monkeysb.Familiarity i.Imprinting – Konrad Lorenzc.Responsive Parenting – Stranger Situationi.Secure Attachmentii.Avoidant Attachmentiii.Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment iv.Developmental Impacts Outline of Current Lecture IV. Classical Conditioning B. ExamplesV. Basic Termsa. Unconditioned Stimulib. Conditioned Stimuli c. Unconditioned Responsed. Conditioned Response VI. Historical Beginnings a. Pavlov’s DogsVII. Acquisition a. Temporal Contiguity b. Spatial Contiguity Current Lecture: Classical ConditioningI. Classical Conditioning – form of learning; based on predictions a. Simplest mechanism whereby organisms learn about relations between stimuli and alter their behavior accordingly These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Example: Pavlov’s dogs salvation to bellc. Animals approach when food is near, ex: cats/dogs come running at the sound of bag of food; dog gets excited at sound of leash d. Emotional reactions such as fear and pleasure to stimuli that initially do not elicit these emotionsi. Ex: Sounds: “Please clear your desk of everything but a paper and a pencil” – fear; bell to change class – happiness; music associated with someone special ii. Ex: Smells: cookies remind mom; perfume associated with someone II. Basic Termsa. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – stimuli that naturally triggers a response; no learning required; Ex: hot water in shower – makes you jump b. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – an originally irrelevant stimulus that after associationwith the UCS comes to trigger a conditioned response; ex: Hot water after flush the toilet – makes you jump c. Unconditioned Response (UCR) – the naturally occurring response to the UCS; ex:hot water in shower – makes you jumpd. Conditioned Response (CR) – the learned response to the previously neutral CS; ex: when hear the toilet flush, you jump whether water is hot or notExample: Simpson exampleUCS: being choked UCR: gagging reflexNeutral: Homer yelling “why you little...” CS: Ned gets mad “why you little…” CR: gagging reflex III. Historical Beginningsa. Ivan Pavlov & his dogs (1849-1936)b. Initially studied digestionc. Technicians noticed increase in stomach juice secretion at sight of food/or even sight of person who feeds dogsd. Pavlov believed this is how animals in the wild learned Pavlov’s DogsUCS: food UCR: salvationNeutral: bell; ticking CS: bell; ticking CR: salvationIV. Acquisition – the stage where the unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli relationship is being learneda. Temporal (time) Contiguity: the CS & UCS must be close in time! Ex: singing in class today, brings students Hershey kiss next Friday – would not believe the singing caused the Hershey kiss; except taste – avoid taste even if it is up to 24 hours since; nervous system protecting life b. Spatial Contiguity: close enough in physical space, perceive them at the same time; except auditory conditioning, ex: thunder is so far away, still conditioned thunder = lightening c. Conditioned stimuli must come first! Ex: Pavlov’s experiment – the bell must come first or the dog would not pay attention to the bell after being fedd. Biology is a limiting factor; ex: dogs do not eat certain foods, therefore they couldnot be conditioned to salivate at the bell to all types of
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