PSYC 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-18Lecture 10 (September 19)What are the four stages of prenatal development? Four Stages of Neural Development i. Proliferation: cells are being born; first trimester; 250,000 neurons per minute – start out as stem cells. ii. Migration: 8-16 weeks; cells born in general area then migrate to appropriate area in the brain. iii. Differentiation: blossoming, dendrites make connections; stem cell becomes a neuroniv. Continued Differentiation: synapse forms; myelination begins (takes about 25 years for brain to be fully myelinated)Describe what a teratogen is; list most common teratogens; What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Characteristics in children with FAS? Teratogen (Monster Maker): any disease, drug, or other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal developmentExamples: 1. Tobacco: SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), slowing cognitive development, ADHD2. Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndromea. Critical period is during migration – 8-16 weeks (some women may not even know she is pregnant yet)b. #1 cause for mental retardation in the Western hemispherec. Makes neurons go too far passed connectionsd. In children: perceptual disorder, hyperactivity, small, facial abnormalities, attention span 3. Radiation: interferes with timing of development a. Makes neurons stop short of connections Lecture 11 (September 22) Describe the critical periods in development Critical Period: a period when an organism’s exposure to stimuli or experiences promotes OR hinders proper development. i. Ex: Alcohol: the critical damaging period – 8-16 weeksii. Ex: Light exposure: critical period – immediately after birthiii. Ex: Language, social skills, etc.What are some newborn innate reflexes? Rooting & Social Responsiveness a. Rooting reflex: sucking, eating; Grasping reflex: fingers, grabbingb. Social Responsiveness: babies prefer sights and sounds (high-pitched) that are human-like iv. Ex: Human interaction verses videov. Ex: Images that look like a face verses not List / describe Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development; include major milestones in each stagei. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to two) – experience the world through senses and actions1. Ex: tasting, putting everything in their mouth2. Object Permanence – objects continue to exist even when not perceived; develops gradually until about 18 monthsii. Preoperational Stage (Two to seven) – representing things with words and images but lacking reasoning3. Lack of Conservation – quantity remains the same despite changes in shapea. Ex: Pizza – size of the slices; 16 is “more” than 4b. Ex: Wide glass of water verses tall glass of water; child saystall glass has more water 4. Egocentrism – inability to perceive things from another person’s point ofview; theory of mind – his thoughts are universala. Ex: Hard for children to lie – not lying to be malicious, simply do not remember the truth5. Stuck on Rules – learn a rule and cannot unlearn it a. Ex: Asks mom, when is Halloween? 7 days! The next day, Halloween is in 6 days, child gets angry, because mom said 7 days! iii. Concrete Operational Stage (seven-twelve) – thinking more logically about concrete events 6. Ex: Horse is a horse AND a mammal 7. Can now perform conservation and math transformations 8. Can classify objects on several dimensions iv. Formal Operational Stage (twelve & up) – Abstract, logical, systematic, reflective thinking begins 9. Can project themselves into the future; ex: I want to be a doctor = Med school 10. Can view self socially; ex: middle school aged children focus on popularity and appearanceExample: Mean Monkey videoEgocentrism Example: Instructor introduces to a three-year-old two different stickers and a “Mean Monkey”. The instructor tells the child, the mean monkey will ALWAYS pick the sticker that you tell the monkey you want. Then, the instructor hides the monkey and asks the child which sticker he wants and which sticker he does not want. The child choses one, and the instructor brings back the mean monkey. The monkey asks the child, “Which sticker do you want?” The three-year-old points to the sticker he wants, and the monkey takes that one. The instructor repeats this three more times, and each time the monkey takes the sticker he wants. When the experiment is performed with a four and a half year old, the older child tricks the monkey by lying and pointing to the sticker he did not truly want. The four-year-old child is developing past egocentrism; he understands his thoughts are private, and he can now trick, surprise, and lie. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory v. Cognitive development is fueled by social interactions, and cultural influences this development vi. Language acquisitions (Social interactions) is key to cognitive development1. Ex: Children could not properly develop social skills behind a computer screen only Lecture 12 (September 24)Social Development: Attachment Attachment is a combination of both genetic/biological characteristics (born anxious) and parenting styles; two way streetThrough Development: Attachment impacts – resilience, competence, self-esteem, leadership skills, social interactions with peers and romantic relationships Ex: Anxious/Ambivalent Attached Children will most likely will be needy and clingy in relationships as adults What is the importance of body contact? Harlow’s monkey experiment? 1. 50s-60s, Harlow tested attachment with baby monkeys2. He took the babies away from their mothers at birth3. Placed monkeys in environment with a wired “mother” who provided food verses a cloth “mother”4. The baby monkey went to the cloth mother every time5. Conclusively: Physical contact drives the bond between mother and child; release of “bonding hormones” – oxytocin, when in physical contact; ex: hugging, sex6. Contact must be consistent What is familiarity? Konrad Lorenz’s Imprinting Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz) – experimented with geesea. As a geese hatch, Lorenz removes baby from mom, so the birds imprint on him, follow him around, snuggle up to him, etc. b. Did similarly with a ball; baby geese imprinted on a ball Responsive parenting? Secure vs. Insecure AttachmentResponsive Parenting – secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious/ambivalent attachment; Test attachment through stranger situation – mom leaves child playing, stranger enters room, mom