PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. HistoryA. Wilhelm Wundt – Father of PsychologyB. William James – Father of American PsychologyC. Sigmund Freud – Unconscious mindD. John B. Watson – BehaviorE. B.F. Skinner – BehaviorF. Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow – HumanismG. Applied Psychology II. Historical IssuesA.Functionalism vs. StructuralismB.Stability vs. ChangeC.Rationality vs. IrrationalityD.Nature vs. NurtureIII. Applied Psychology FieldsA. Clinical PsychologyB. PsychiatryC. Educational PsychologyD. Counseling PsychologyE. Industrial/Organizational (IO)Outline of Current Lecture IV. The Scientific MethodA. TheoryB. HypothesisC. Operational DefinitionsD. ReplicationV. Research Strategies A.Case StudyB.SurveyC.Naturalistic Observation Current Lecture: Research Methods in PsychologyI. The Scientific Method: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Theory – explanation that organizes and predicts observations b. Hypothesis – specific, testable prediction, experimentalc. Operational Definitions – the procedures used in the research i. Ex: Theory: Students who sit in the front of the classroom do good in the course. ii. Hypothesis: Students who sit in the first four rows of the classroom will receive a final course grade of a B or higher iii. Operational Definitions: The front of the classroom is defined by the first four rows; good in the course is defined as a final grade of a B or higher d. Replication – repeating a study to see if the original findings generalize to other participants and situations; test reliability and validity Psychology is a science!II. Research Strategiesa. Case Studyb. Surveyc. Naturalistic ObservationCorrelation: statistics used for descriptive or pseudo effects, connections between two factors.III. Case Study: one/a few individuals are studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principlesa. Medical history, developmental milestones, etc. b. Ex: Piaget’s child developmentc. H.M.’s serious brain injury: lost the ability to form new memories, case study performed to study his temporal lobed. Freud’s theory of personality e. Limitations: Any individual may be atypical; therefore, it is easy to make false conclusions IV. Surveya. Must use a representation (represent the population), random sampleb. Ex: dating survey, drug survey, etc. c. Limitations: i. Sampling errors: ex. telephone survey: excluding young people who do not use landline telephonesii. Response rate: the percentage of people actually responding; look for a rate of 50% or higher; ex. If you send out a survey to 100 people and only 10 people respond, that is a 10% response rate & the responses are typically biased. d. Ignore the extreme cases; generalize from the represented, random sampleV. Naturalistic Observation: observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without direct intervention with subjectsa. In the subject’s natural environmentb. Ex. Jane Goodallc. Ex. Child interaction at the playgroundd. Ex. Levine & Norenzayan (1999) observed the pace of life in various countries – how fast people walk; discovered an empty place with similar conditions (no hills, a similar population of people around, etc.) in various countries and observed individual’s walking speed e. Limitations: people knowing they are being observed may act unnatural Observations do not explain
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