PSYC 101 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 20 - 27Lecture 20 (October 15)What are your physiological needs? Drive-Reduction? Homeostasis?Physiological Needs: hunger, thirst, oxygen; must meet these needs first to move onto additional needs; meet these needs or deatha. Met through drive-reduction – aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the needs; ex: Goosebumps, stomach growlsb. Homeostasis – balanced internal statei. Temperature: cold – blood vessel constrictions; 98.6 natural body temperatureii. Hunger: low blood glucose – triggers hungeriii. Water Levels: low – triggers thirstiv. Hormones v. Blood PressureWhat is the role of the hypothalamus? What does the lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus’ do? Hypothalamus signals hunger or satiety (satisfaction) based on glucose levels – two separate signals: Lateral Hypothalamus & Ventromedial Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus: signals hungeri. Stimulation: eatingii. Destruction: lack of eating, never feel hunger, even if body is starvingVentromedial Hypothalamus: signals satiety (satisfaction)iii. Stimulation: stop eatingiv. Destruction: overeating, even if full What factors influence obesity? How do you change your BMR? Fat cells: size & number – fat cell’s job is to store energy when needed to be burned; take in more fat cells than burned – fat cells accumulate; fat cells never go away: only shrink; liposuction only true way to remove fat cells Set Point/Metabolism: BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate: rate of energy expenditure at rest; genetic but can be altered:Increase BMR: exercise and minimize fat foodsDecrease BMR: crash diet – body goes into starvation mode and stores any source of fatGeneticEnvironmental: family, fast food, money (less healthy is cheaper), large portion size, driving vs. walking, most obese states – southern states, fried foodsExercise and eat a low fat diet!! Lecture 21 (October 17) What are the universal standards of beauty? Body Shape: waist to hip ratio; .70 most attractiveSymmetry: facial Lecture 22 (October 20)What are the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Examples?Intrinsic: pride, passion, personal gain, self-esteem, knowledge, enjoymenti. Most likely to achieve goalsii. Most persistent; less likely to quitExtrinsic: grades, money, parents, rewards, approval of othersWhat is the hormonal control of sexual behavior? Understand the difference between humans and animalsActivating sexual behavior; estrogen spikes released in women; recreational sex 1. Estrogen peaks at ovulation (release of egg) and female becomes reproductive a. Ex: Female rat erogenous every 4 days – will not be sexually active onother 3 days b. Ex: Humans ovulate once a month, but not only receptive once a month 2. Male hormone levels more constantly loss of testosterone – loss of sexual behavior a. Have highs and lowsb. Castrated animals – no testosterone: not interested in sex3. Women’s sexual desire is only slightly higher at ovulation and women have sex throughout menstrual cycle; tiny changes in behavior: higher voice, tend to wear less clothes, walk differently 4. Sexual desire in women actually more closely related to testosterone levels; higher – more desirousWhat influences motivation? Culture, learning, health, physiology Why did these traits evolve?Based on principles of natural selection; Darwinism; survival of the fittestWho has greater investment in reproduction? Why?Women have a greater investment in reproduction Reproductive Investment a. Women have a limited amount of eggs (around 400) b. Men reproduce unlimited sperm (12 million/hour) – cheap! c. Women can’t reproduce after menopaused. Men can reproduce throughout lifee. Fertilization and gestation occur inside the female What traits were important for men and women in a long-term mate? Men: a. Youthb. Physical Beauty i. Body Shape: waist to hip ratio; .70 most attractiveii. Symmetry: face c. Healthy Women:a. Economic capacity – present or futureb. Social Status c. Age – older than the female Lecture 23 (October 22)What are men’s sexual strategies? Men’s Strategy – Quantity What are women’s sexual strategies? Women’s Strategy – Quality d. Economic capacity – present or futuree. Social Status f. Age – older than the female What are the physiological cues that our ancestors had casual sex? Physiological Cuesi. Human males have a relatively large testicle size to body weight ratio – this normally correlates with promiscuity of the species 1. Gorilla: .0182. Orangutan: .0483. Chimp: .2694. Human: .079ii. The longer couples are separated the more sperm per ejaculation that areproduced by the man 1. 100% time together: 389 million sperm/ejaculation 2. 5% time together: 712 million sperm/ejaculation iii. Lack of female orgasm leads to more ejection of sperm – 30% vs. 35% iv. In a British study, married women timed extramarital copulations with ovulationv. Men desire more sex partners in any given time interval and over the span of their lives vi. Coolidge Effect: males become sexually rearoused upon presentation of a novel female vii. Men pursue and have more affairs than women – 50% vs. 26% viii. Men have more sexual fantasies and those fantasies are more likely to involve sex with strangers, multiple partners, or anonymous partners ix. Women are more likely to fantasize about familiar partners – 59% vs. 28%Casual Sex Standards? Male Strategy – standards for most attributes considered important for long term mating including attractiveness and age decreaseFemale Strategy – most important: 1. Spends a lot of money on them2. Gives them gifts3. Haves an extravagant lifestyle4. Is generous with resourcesLecture 24 (October 27)What is the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression? Examples? Hostile: aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itselfInstrumental: aggression that is a means to some other end; ex: hunting – lion and zebra; self-defenseWhat is inborn aggression? Biological influences of aggression? Philosophical & Biological Influences Philosophical Tenets: Freud – “death instinct”; was not instrumental; learn to hold it in; very individualBiological Influences Neural – head trauma; limbic system (amygdala); ex: observed people on death row & majority had head trauma sometime in life; ex: or specific strokes to parts of brain Genetic – identical twins; ex: breed aggressive males & females – pitbulls: bred long time