PSYC 101 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 30-38Lecture 30 (November 12)What is the DSM-V?DSM-IV (Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) i. Clinically significant dysfunctionii. Internal sourceiii. Involuntary manifestationWhat are the classes of disorders? Anxiety: Generalized PanicOCDPhobiasMoodDepressionManiaBipolarSchizophreniaPersonality Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Anxiety Disorders: distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyb. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – continually tense and uneasy for no apparent reason c. Panic Disorder – sudden intense dread (Tony Soprano) d. Phobias – irrational avoidance of a specific object or situation (snakes, heights, crowds) e. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)i. Compulsions reduce anxiety caused by obsessions How do anxiety disorders develop? Learning Perspectivei. Fear Conditioning ii. Stimulus Generalizationiii. Reinforcement iv. Observational LearningBiological Perspective i. Evolution – we are scared of what our ancestors were scared of ii. Genesiii. Physiology – unusually high frontal lobe activity Schizophrenia: disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions a. Positive Symptoms – hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, incoherence, disassociated thoughts, illogically b. Negative Symptoms – toneless voice, expressionless face, rigid posture, blunted affect, apathy, social withdrawal How does schizophrenia develop?Causes of Schizophrenia a. Brain Abnormalities i. Dopamine over activityii. Brain anatomy 1. Low frontal lobe activity, thalamus, shrunken brain tissueiii. Maternal virus during pregnancy b. Genetics - identical twins have a 50% chance of being schizophrenic if their twin isc. Psychological Factors – reaction to stressLecture 31 (November 14)What causes a mood disorder? Biological & Social-Cognitive InfluencesMood Disorders: Emotional Extremes a. Depression – Feelings of worthlessness, decreased pleasure & interest, depressed moodb. Manic Episode – hyperactive, wildly optimistic statec. Bipolar Disorder – alternating depression and maniaCauses of Mood Disordersa. Biological Influencesi. Geneticsii. The Brain:1. Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine – drugs ex: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil increases serotonin2. Less active brains3. Hippocampus b. Social-Cognitive Perspective – outlook on life can influence your mood; vicious cycle: negative thoughts create negative moods and negative moods create negative thoughts Personality Disorders?Personality Disorders: Behavior patterns that impair social functioning; ex: histrionic, narcissistic, borderline personality disorder a. Antisocial Personality Disorder – psychopathi. Lack of conscience ii. May be ruthless, aggressive, con-artists, very charmingAs young children, antisocial adolescents tended to be impulsive, uninhibited, unconcerned with social rewards, low in anxietyWhat are the clinical diagnostic tools? Clinical Diagnostics Toolsa. Interview – clients & family & friendsb. History – family and medical historyc. Direct Observationd. IQ Tests – WAISe. Personality Tests – MMPI, Big Fivef. Projective Tests – Rorschach, DAPTg. Brain Imaging – CAT Scan, PET, MRIh. DSM-IVLecture 32 (November 17)What are the psychological therapies? Behavior Therapies - Classical Conditioning & Operant ConditioningClassical Conditioning a. Systematic Desensitization b. Aversive Conditioning Operant Conditioning a. Token Economy Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Behavior Therapies Humanistic Therapies a. Carl Rogers – Client Centered TherapyGestalt Therapy Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic Eclectic Group & Family Therapy Behavior Therapies? What are each used for and how do they work? Behavior Therapies – apply learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors – classical/operant conditioning; does not deal with underlying problem, only focuses on behaviorClassical Conditioning – anxiety disordersa. Systematic Desensitization: an exposure therapy that associates a relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety–triggering stimuli Example: Snake Phobiai. First: relax, imagine a snake; Second: show pictures of snake; Third: video; Fourth: toy snake; etc. Goal: be able to handle a snake ii. Ex: video of arachnophobia; virtual spider iii. Ex: PTSD patients – placed in stimuli with smells, sounds, virtual images, etc.: re-experience through stimulator, yet nothing happened b. Aversive Conditioning – replacing a positive response with a negative response i. Antabuse & alcohol Operant Conditioning a. Token Economy – giving rewards for desired behaviors What are the biomedical therapies? Drug Therapies & Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy Lecture 33 (November 19)Drug Therapies? Drug Therapies i. Antipsychotics – used to treat psychotic disorders through blockade of dopamine; ex: used for schizophrenia 1. Traditional (Typical): only relieved positive symptoms through specific blockade of dopamine 2 (D2; five different types of dopamine) receptors – antagonists: specifically block D2, but also impacts other areas of the braina. Side Effects: dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, sexual impotence, Parkinson’s symptoms: motor coordination, tardive dyskinesia: neck and head musclesIf side effects are bad, people stop taking their meds b. See motor side effects at about 70% receptors occupancy – must find sweet spot; may not ever be one – ex: chlorpromazine (Thorazine); haloperidol (Haldol) – drugs are very individualized 2. Atypical Antipsychotics – reduce both positive and negative symptoms without motor side effects; expensivea. Different because not as specific as the antagonists & impacts 5HT2 (serotonin) b. Ex: Clozapine (Clozaril): specific D4 receptors, peaks in blood 1-4 hours, half-life 9-30 hours, can cause agranulocytosis – decreases white blood cell count; olanzapine (Zyprexa), Aripiprazole (Abilify): DA partial agonist c. Side Effects: sedation, weight gain, constipation: warnings: 9-14% increase in risk of developing Type II diabetes, elongation of QT interval (heart) ii. Antianxiety Drugs – reduce anxiety, most helpful for generalized anxiety disorder; not useful for phobias: too specifica. Ex: Benzodiazepines – Valium, Xanax, Ativan b. Side Effect: Lightheadedness, slurred speech, drowsiness,