PSYC 107 1nd EditionLecture 27Outline of Last LectureI. PersonalityII. Causes of Personality DifferencesIII. Approaches to PersonalityIV. Freud’s Theorya. Freud’s Personality Structureb. Freud’s Personality DevelopmentV. Psychoanalytic PerspectiveVI. HysteriaVII. Three AgenciesVIII. RepressionOutline of Current LectureI. Freud vs FollowersII. Assessing Personality – Projective Tests III. Modern Personality and MindIV. Humanism V. Trait Theory VI. Myers BriggsCurrent LectureI. Freud vs Followersa. Freudi. Personality Is determined be the unconscious mind (id, ego, superego)ii. Personality is developed through psychosexual stagesiii. Anxietyiv. Defense mechanisms are the distortion or reality to cope with bad eventsb. Neo-Freudiansi. Theories derived from Freud but modified.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Commonalities:1. Emphasizes the unconscious influences on behavior2. Early experiences are important in shaping personalityiii. Differences:1. Place less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force of personality2. More optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth.iv. Adler1. Believed in social tensions in childhood2. A child struggles with an inferiority complexv. Horney1. Her beliefs countered Freud’s Penis Envy2. Believed that social aspects of childhood impacted growth and developmentvi. Jung1. Collective unconscious2. Explained why many cultures have the same myths and imagesa. Mother-figureb. Evil – devil – hell II. Assessing Personality – Projective Tests a. Projective tests – consist of stimuli that the person must interpreti. Thematic Apperception Testii. Rorshach Inkblot Test1. Pair Response – The top middle looks like lungs – Self-centeredness2. Unusual detail response – I see a tiny spot, like a speck of dust – obsessive compulsive disorder3. Space response – that white area looks like an upside down bat – rebelliousness or anger4. Human movement response – the side of the blot looks like someone raising their hands – impulse control or inhibition5. Modernly, these tests are frowned uponiii. Human figure Drawingsiv. Graphologyv. Projective tests do not hold any reliability or validity III. Modern Personality and Minda. Personality develops through lifeb. Freud underestimated peer influencec. Gender identity can develop before the age of 5 or 6d. Dreams are not necessarily dream fulfillmente. Verbal slips are not unconscious thoughtsf. Suppressed sexuality can lead to psychological disordersg. Modern unconscious mindi. Non-consious information processing:1. Schemas2. Parellel processing3. Implicit memories4. Unconsciously-revoked memories5. Unconscious influences of self-concept and stereotypesIV. Humanism a. Developed in the 1960s when psychologists were unhappy with Freud’s negativityi. Abraham Maslowii. Carl Rogersb. Self-Actualizing Personi. Maslow said that as humans we are motivated by needs that are organized heirarchly 1. The bottom has physiological needs and the goal is to reach our self-actualization, or full potential ii. A self-actualized individual has achieved what they were born to do and feel at ease and fulfilled. iii. Rogers believed in self-actualization tendencies 1. Unconditional positive regard – attitude of acceptance of others despite failings2. If people are asked to describe who they are and who they want to be and the two descriptions are the same, the individual has a positive self-conceptiv. Positive contributions:1. Impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and managementv. Criticisms:1. Concepts are vague2. Can lead to narcissism and selfishness3. People can be evilV. Trait Theory a. An individual’s unique collection of traits (consistent ways of behaving) constitutes a personalityb. Each personality is uniquely made up of multiple traitsc. Many different traits have been describedd. Factor analysis can be used to condense these traits into a manageable and useable numberi. Eysenck suggested two dimensionsii. Extraversion-introversioniii. Emotional stability - instabilitye. Big Fivei. Conscientiousnessii. Agreeablenessiii. Openness to experienceiv. Extraversionv. Emotional stability/neuroticismVI. Myers Briggsa. Popular, not usefulb. Shown to be ineffective at predicting job performancec. Most widely used personality inventoryd. Profile based on:i. Extraversion-introversionii. Sensing-intuitingiii. Thinking-feelingiv.